Cosmetic composition

ABSTRACT

Methods of use and compositions useful for moisturizing skin, conditioning skin, reducing lines and wrinkles, evening skin tone, lightening skin tone, increasing skin radiance, elasticity, skin barrier function, and/or skin firmness, reducing photodamage, reducing sagging skin, increasing anti-oxidant capacity in skin, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, or VEGF), and/or elastase expression in skin, and/or increasing collagen expression in skin, elastin expression in skin, laminin expression in skin, and/or fibronectin expression in skin are disclosed herein. The composition includes a combination of one or more of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and Porphyridium cruentum extract.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/304,131 filed Jun. 15, 2021, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/039,953 filed Jun. 16, 2020. The noted applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to topical skin compositions and methods that can be used to condition skin, moisturize skin, improve evenness of skin tone and/or reduce lines and wrinkles. In particular, the compositions can include plant based materials selected from Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, or Porphyridium cruentum extract, or any combination thereof.

Description of Related Art

Many factors can change or reduce the visual appearance, physical properties, or physiological functions of skin and tissue including ageing, chronic exposure to adverse environmental factors, malnutrition, fatigue, etc. Notable and obvious changes which may be undesirable include the loss of color evenness or tone, reduction in skin firmness, reduction in skin radiance, reduction in skin tone clarity, reduction in skin brightness, increase in skin dryness, increase in photo damage, loss of skin firmness, development of fine lines, development of deep lines, development of wrinkles, increase in skin dullness, increase in skin sagging, increase or development of appearance of age spots on skin, development of coarse surface texture, and development of mottled pigmentation.

Less obvious but measurable changes which occur as skin and tissue ages or endures chronic environmental insult include a general reduction in cellular and tissue vitality, reduction in cell replication rates, reduced cutaneous blood flow, reduced moisture content, accumulated errors in structure and function, alterations in the normal regulation of common biochemical pathways, and a reduction in the skin's and tissue's ability to remodel and repair itself. Many of the alterations in appearance and function of the skin are caused by changes in the outer epidermal layer of the skin, while others are caused by changes in the lower dermis. Regardless of the stimulus for skin damage, when damage occurs, numerous natural and complex biochemical mechanisms are set into motion in attempts to repair the damage.

Skin-related issues such as lines and wrinkles, unevenness of skin tone, decreased elasticity of skin, and/or lowered skin barrier function can be linked to high anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) in skin, decrease in collagen expression, decrease in elastin expression, decrease in laminin expression, increase in matrix metallopeptidase-1 (MMP-1), increase in matrix metallopeptidase-3 (MMP-3), increase in matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), increase in elastase expression, and/or decrease in fibronectin expression in skin.

Some unwanted changes in skin can be mitigated or overcome by maintaining moisture of the skin. However, maintaining moisture of the skin can be difficult. This is especially true for subjects with skin that is more dry than average (dry skin type). Exposure to chemicals, solvents, washing, cosmetics, fabrics, or dry environments are some of the many ways that skin can lose moisture. Skin and hair can lose moisture as a result of cleansing and/or freshening the skin and hair. Skin and hair cleansing and/or freshening compositions are typically applied to skin and/or hair and rinsed-off with water (e.g., rinse-off product), robbing the skin of natural oils and lipids. Further, cleansing and freshening compositions oftentimes have ingredients that can be caustic to the surfaces to be cleansed. For instance, many types of cleansers and fresheners use certain surfactants that can cause skin irritation.

Moisturizers are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin (epidermis) softer and more pliable. They increase the skin's hydration (water content) by reducing evaporation. Naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as well as artificial or natural oils, humectants, emollients, lubricants, etc., may be part of the composition of commercial skin moisturizers. They usually are available as commercial products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses, but can also be made at home using common pharmacy ingredients. However, moisturizers are not perfect. Some problems associated with moisturizers include unpleasant tactile properties (e.g., heavy, greasy, or sticky feel), instability, skin-irritation, or insufficient moisturization capabilities.

Others have attempted to create compositions and methods that reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, repair unevenness in skin tone, increase skin elasticity, improve skin barrier function, promote hydration, strengthen and repair skin, and firm and condition skin. However, many attempts have been ineffective, only addressed one or a few of the undesired outcomes, or caused unacceptable side effects themselves, such as skin irritation or an allergic response. Further, not every effective composition will be compatible with every skin or tissue type. Thus, there is a need for new products that are effective at reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, moisturizing skin, promoting hydration, strengthening and repairing skin, and firming and conditioning skin.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have identified a solution to the problems associated with current cosmetic products. The solution resides in a combination of ingredients including Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and/or Porphyridium cruentum extract. The combination can be used to create compositions that condition skin, moisturize skin, improve evenness of skin tone, reduce lines and wrinkles, increase anti-oxidant capacity in skin, increase collagen expression in skin, increase elastin expression in skin, increase laminin expression in skin, inhibit MMP-1, inhibit MMP-3, inhibit MMP-9, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, or VEGF), inhibit elastase expression in skin, and/or increase fibronectin expression in skin. In some aspects, an effective amount of a combination of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and Porphyridium cruentum extract was shown in clinical studies to be effective in moisturizing skin and providing anti-aging benefits such as an improvement in skin sagging and skin thickness.

In some aspects, there is disclosed a composition that includes any one of, any combination of, or all of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and/or Porphyridium cruentum extract. The amounts of the ingredients within the composition can vary (e.g., amounts can be as low as 0.000001% to as high as 99% by weight or any range therein). In some aspects, the topical composition includes 0.01 to 20% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract, 0.001 to 10% by weight of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, 0.0001 to 10% by weight of Morus alba fruit extract, and/or 0.0001 to 10% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract. In some aspects, the topical composition includes 0.01 to 1% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract, 0.001 to 1% by weight of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight of Morus alba fruit extract, and/or 0.0001 to 1% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract.

In some instances, the Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract is a lactic acid, betaine, and water extract from Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant material. In some instances, the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract. In some aspects, the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is a water extract. In some aspects, the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract of dried Caulerpa lentillifera algae. In some instances, the Morus alba fruit extract is an aqueous extract. In some instances, the Morus alba fruit extract is a glycerol/water extract. The extraction of the fruits of Morus alba can be harvested without the use of alcohol by using a glycerol/water mix as the extraction solvent. In some instances, the Porphyridium cruentum extract is an aqueous extract of red algae.

In some instances, the composition includes an effective amount of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and/or Porphyridium cruentum extract to treat skin. In some aspects, the composition includes 0.001 to 0.1% by weight of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract. In some aspects, the composition includes 0.1 to 1% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract. In some aspects, the composition includes 0.0001 to 0.01% by weight of Morus alba fruit extract. In some aspects, the composition includes 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract. In some aspects, the composition includes water. In some instances, the composition includes 1 to 95% by weight of water. In some aspects, the composition includes 40 to 85% by weight of water.

In some instances, the composition treats skin. In some aspects, the composition can improve a skin condition including skin firmness, skin radiance, skin tone clarity, skin brightness, skin tone evenness, skin thickness, moisture in skin, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the composition can reduce skin conditions including skin dryness, loss of skin firmness, fine lines, deep lines, wrinkles, skin dullness, skin sagging, or combinations thereof. In some instances, the composition includes an amount of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and/or Porphyridium cruentum extract effective to do one or more of the following: moisturize skin, condition skin, reduce lines and wrinkles, even skin tone, lighten skin tone, increase skin radiance, increase elasticity, increase skin barrier function, increase skin firmness, reduce sagging skin, increase anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) in skin, increase collagen expression in skin, increase elastin expression in skin, increase laminin expression in skin, inhibit MMP-1, inhibit MMP-3, inhibit MMP-9, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, or VEGF), inhibit elastase expression in skin, and/or increase fibronectin expression in skin. In some instances, the composition includes an effective amount of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract to increase anti-oxidant capacity in skin, inhibit MMP-1, MMP-3, and/or MMP-9 in skin, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, and/or VEGF, and/or inhibit elastase expression in skin. In some instances, the composition includes an effective amount of Morus alba fruit extract to increase anti-oxidant capacity in skin, increase collagen expression in skin, increase laminin expression in skin, inhibit MMP-1, MMP-3, and/or MMP-9 in skin, inhibit elastase expression in skin, and/or increase fibronectin expression in skin; and/or an effective amount of Caulerpa lentillifera extract to increase collagen expression in skin, increase elastin expression in skin, and/or inhibit MMP-9 in skin; and/or an effective amount of Porphyridium cruentum extract to increase collagen expression in skin.

In some instances, the composition further includes a humectant, an emollient, a skin conditioning agent, a colorant, and/or a pH adjuster. In some instances, the composition is a topical composition. In some instances, the composition can be applied to a fine line, a wrinkle, an age spot, or a deep line on the skin. In some instances, the composition can be applied to sagging skin or non-elastic skin.

In some instances, the composition further contains one or more of water, glycerin, butylene glycol, Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil, betaine, and/or dipotassium glycyrrhizate. In some instances, the composition contains one or more of 1 to 95% by weight of water, 0.1 to 20% by weight of glycerin, 0.1 to 10% by weight of butylene glycol, 0.1 to 5% by weight of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil, 0.01 to 3% by weight of betaine, and/or 0.01 to 1% by weight of dipotassium glycyrrhizate.

In some instances, the composition includes carbomer, xanthan gum, biosaccharide gum-1, and/or sodium polyacrylate. In some instances, the composition contains 0.001 to 1% by weight of carbomer, 0.1 to 20% by weight of xanthan gum, 0.1 to 10% by weight of biosaccharide gum-1, and/or 0.1 to 5% by weight of sodium polyacrylate. In some instances, the composition includes one or more of methyl gluceth-20, pentylene glycol, dimethicone, triethanolamine, carbomer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, sodium phytate, lactic acid, pullulan, caprylyl glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, tocopheryl acetate, disodium EDTA, and/or fragrance. In some instances, the composition includes 0.01 to 5% by weight of methyl gluceth-20, 0.01 to 5% by weight of pentylene glycol, 0.01 to 5% by weight of dimethicone, 0.01 to 5% by weight of triethanolamine, 0.01 to 3% by weight of carbomer, 0.01 to 3% by weight of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 0.01 to 1% by weight of tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, 0.01 to 1% by weight of sodium phytate, 0.01 to 1% by weight of lactic acid, 0.01 to 1% by weight of pullulan, 0.01 to 1% by weight of caprylyl glycol, 0.01 to 1% by weight of 1,2-hexanediol, 0.01 to 1% by weight of tocopheryl acetate, 0.01 to 1% by weight of disodium EDTA, and/or 0.01 to 1% by weight of fragrance. In some instances, the composition includes Opuntia tuna fruit extract. In some instances, the composition includes 0.00001 to 0.001% by weight of Opuntia tuna fruit extract.

In some aspects, the composition can increase moisture in skin. In some aspects, the composition can stimulate production of collagen. In some aspects, the composition can be a lotion, cream, body butter, mask, scrub, wash, gel, serum, emulsion (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil, silicone-in-water, water-in-silicone, water-in-oil-in-water, oil-in-water-in-oil, oil-in-water-in-silicone, etc.), solution (e.g., aqueous or hydro-alcoholic solution), anhydrous base (e.g., lipstick or a powder), ointment, milk, paste, aerosol, solid form, eye jelly, gel serum, gel emulsion, etc.

The composition can be formulated for topical skin application at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more times a day during use. In some aspects of the present invention, compositions can be storage stable or color stable, or both. It is also contemplated that the viscosity of the composition can be selected to achieve a desired result, e.g., depending on the type of composition desired, the viscosity of such composition can be from about 1 cps to well over 1 million cps or any range or integer derivable therein (e.g., 2 cps, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, 700000, 800000, 900000, 1000000, 2000000, 3000000, 4000000, 5000000, 10000000, cps, etc., as measured on a Brookfield Viscometer using a TC spindle at 2.5 rpm at 25° C.).

The compositions, in non-limiting aspects, can have a pH of about 6 to about 9. In some aspects, the pH can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14. The compositions can include a triglyceride. Non-limiting examples include small, medium, and large chain triglycerides. In certain aspects, the triglyceride is a medium chain triglyceride (e.g., caprylic capric triglyceride). The compositions can also include preservatives. Non-limiting examples of preservatives include phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, propylparaben, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, or any mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the composition is paraben-free.

Compositions of the present invention can have UVA and UVB absorption properties. The compositions can have a sun protection factor (SPF) of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or more, or any integer or derivative therein. The compositions can be sunscreen lotions, sprays, or creams.

The compositions of the present invention can also include any one of, any combination of, or all of the following additional ingredients: a conditioning agent, a moisturizing agent, a pH adjuster, a structuring agent, inorganic salts, a preservative, a thickening agent, a silicone containing compound, an essential oil, a fragrance, a vitamin, a pharmaceutical ingredient, or an antioxidant, or any combination of such ingredients or mixtures of such ingredients. In certain aspects, the composition can include at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more, or all of these additional ingredients identified in the previous sentence. Non-limiting examples of these additional ingredients are identified throughout this specification and are incorporated into this section by reference. The amounts of such ingredients can range from 0.0001% to 99.9% by weight or volume of the composition, or any integer or range in between as disclosed in other sections of this specification, which are incorporated into this paragraph by reference.

Methods of use for the compositions disclosed herein are also disclosed. In some aspects, a method is disclosed to treat skin. In some aspects, a method is disclosed to improve a skin condition including skin firmness, skin radiance, skin tone clarity, skin brightness, skin tone evenness, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, a method is disclosed to reduce skin conditions including skin dryness, photo damage, loss of skin firmness, fine lines, deep lines, wrinkles, skin dullness, skin sagging, appearance of age spots on skin, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, a method is disclosed to reduce lines and wrinkles, even skin tone, lighten skin tone, increase skin radiance, reduce photodamage, increase elasticity, increase skin barrier function, increase skin firmness, reduce sagging skin, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, a method is disclosed to increase anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) in skin, increase collagen expression in skin, increase elastin expression in skin, increase laminin expression in skin, inhibit MMP-1, inhibit MMP-3, inhibit MMP-9, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, or VEGF), inhibit elastase expression in skin, and/or increase fibronectin expression in skin, or any combination thereof. In some instances, the method comprises topically applying any one of the compositions disclosed herein to skin in need thereof. In one aspect, any one of the compositions disclosed herein are topically applied and the composition is left on the application area, removed from the application area after a period of time, and/or removed directly after application.

In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are used to increase anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) in skin, which can reduce oxidative damage in skin, can be beneficial for improving skin firmness, reducing sagging skin, and can improve elasticity and reduce signs of ageing. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are used to increase collagen expression in skin, which can be beneficial in reducing the appearance of fine lines or wrinkles and/or reducing the appearance of sagging or non-elastic skin by increasing cross-linking of elastins and collagens, thereby creating a more structurally sound matrix of supportive proteins in the skin. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are used to increase elastin expression in skin, which can be beneficial to help skin resume its shape after stretching and/or contracting. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are used to increase laminin expression in skin, which can be beneficial to the structural integrity of the skin. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are used to inhibit MMP-1, MMP-3, and/or MMP-9, which can slow collagen degradation, reduce fine lines and wrinkles, and can prevent skin darkening and lighten dark spots associated with ageing. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are used to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, or VEGF), which can be beneficial to inhibit inflammation, decrease redness in skin, lessen uneven pigmentation in skin, and improve structural integrity in skin. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are used to inhibit elastase expression in skin, which can slow the degradation of elastin and can be beneficial to help skin resume its shape after stretching and/or contracting. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are used to increase fibronectin expression in skin, which can be beneficial to the structural integrity of the skin. In some instances, the methods disclosed herein comprise topically applying any one of the composition disclosed herein to skin in need thereof.

It is also contemplated that the compositions disclosed throughout this specification can be used as a leave-on or rinse-off composition. By way of example, a leave-on composition can be one that is topically applied to skin and remains on the skin for a period of time (e.g., at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours, or overnight or throughout the day). Alternatively, a rinse-off composition can be a product that is intended to be applied to the skin and then removed or rinsed from the skin (e.g., with water) within a period of time such as less than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 minute. An example of a rinse off composition can be a skin cleanser, shampoo, conditioner, or soap. An example of a leave-on composition can be a skin moisturizer, sunscreen, mask, overnight cream, or a day cream.

Kits that include the compositions of the present invention are also contemplated. In certain embodiments, the composition is comprised in a container. The container can be a bottle, dispenser, or package. The container can dispense a pre-determined amount of the composition. In certain aspects, the compositions is dispensed in a spray, mist, dollop, or liquid. The container can include indicia on its surface. The indicia can be a word, an abbreviation, a picture, or a symbol.

It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this specification can be implemented with respect to any method or composition of the invention, and vice versa. Furthermore, compositions of the invention can be used to achieve methods of the invention.

In some embodiments, compositions of the present invention can be pharmaceutically or cosmetically elegant or can have pleasant tactile properties. “Pharmaceutically elegant,” “cosmetically elegant,” and/or “pleasant tactile properties” describes a composition that has particular tactile properties which feel pleasant on the skin (e.g., compositions that are not too watery or greasy, compositions that have a silky texture, compositions that are non-tacky or sticky, etc.). Pharmaceutically or cosmetically elegant can also relate to the creaminess or lubricity properties of the composition or to the moisture retaining properties of the composition.

Also contemplated is a product comprising a composition of the present invention. In non-limiting aspects, the product can be a cosmetic product. The cosmetic product can be those described in other sections of this specification or those known to a person of skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of products include a moisturizer, a cream, a lotion, a skin softener, a serum, a gel, a wash, a body butter, a scrub, a foundation, a night cream, a lipstick, a cleanser, a toner, a sunscreen, a mask, an anti-aging product, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, a perfume, a cologne, etc.

In the context of the present invention, at least the following 53 aspects are described. Aspect 1 includes a method of treating skin comprising topically applying to skin a composition comprising an effective amount of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and Porphyridium cruentum extract. Aspect 2 depends on Aspect 1, wherein the composition comprises: 0.001 to 1% by weight of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract; 0.01 to 1% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract; 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight of Morus alba fruit extract; and 0.001 to 1% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract. Aspect 3 depends on Aspects 1 and 2, wherein the Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract is a lactic acid, betaine, and water extract from Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant material. Aspect 4 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract. Aspect 5 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is a water extract. Aspect 6 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract of dried Caulerpa lentillifera algae. Aspect 7 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the composition comprises 0.001 to 0.1% by weight of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract. Aspect 8 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the composition comprises 0.1 to 1% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract. Aspect 9 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein the composition comprises 0.0001 to 0.01% by weight of Morus alba fruit extract. Aspect 10 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract. Aspect 11 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein the composition further comprises 40 to 85% by weight of water. Aspect 12 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 11, wherein the composition treats skin. Aspect 13 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 12, wherein the composition improves a skin condition comprising skin thickness, skin tightness, skin moisture, or combinations thereof. Aspect 14 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 13, wherein the composition reduces a skin conditions comprising skin dryness, loss of skin thickness, fine lines, deep lines, wrinkles, skin sagging, or combinations thereof. Aspect 15 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 14, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of: a humectant, an emollient, a skin conditioning agent, a colorant, and/or a pH adjuster. Aspect 16 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 15, wherein the composition is a topical skin composition. Aspect 17 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 16, wherein the composition is applied to a fine line, a wrinkle, an age spot, or a deep line on the skin. Aspect 18 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 17, wherein the composition is applied to sagging skin or non-elastic skin. Aspect 19 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 18, wherein the composition further comprises water, glycerin, butylene glycol, Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil, betaine, and/or dipotassium glycyrrhizate. Aspect depends on Aspect 19, wherein the composition further comprises: 1 to 95% by weight water; to 20% by weight glycerin; 0.1 to 10% by weight butylene glycol; 0.1 to 5% by weight Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil; 0.01 to 3% by weight betaine; and/or 0.01 to 1% by weight dipotassium glycyrrhizate. Aspect 21 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 20, wherein the composition further comprises carbomer, xanthan gum, biosaccharide gum-1, and/or sodium polyacrylate. Aspect 22 depends on Aspect 21, wherein the composition further comprises: 0.001 to 1% by weight carbomer; 0.1 to 20% by weight xanthan gum; 0.1 to 10% by weight biosaccharide gum-1; and/or 0.1 to 5% by weight sodium polyacrylate. Aspect 23 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 22, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of: methyl gluceth-20, pentylene glycol, dimethicone, triethanolamine, carbomer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, sodium phytate, lactic acid, pullulan, caprylyl glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, tocopheryl acetate, disodium EDTA, and/or fragrance. Aspect 24 depends on Aspect 23, wherein the composition further comprises: 0.01 to 5% by weight methyl gluceth-20; 0.01 to 5% by weight pentylene glycol; 0.01 to 5% by weight dimethicone; 0.01 to 5% by weight triethanolamine; 0.01 to 3% by weight carbomer; 0.01 to 3% by weight hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; 0.01 to 1% by weight tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate; 0.01 to 1% by weight sodium phytate; 0.01 to 1% by weight lactic acid; 0.01 to 1% by weight pullulan; 0.01 to 1% by weight caprylyl glycol; 0.01 to 1% by weight 1,2-hexanediol; 0.01 to 1% by weight tocopheryl acetate; 0.01 to 1% by weight disodium EDTA; and/or 0.01 to 1% by weight fragrance. Aspect 25 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 24, wherein the composition further comprises Opuntia tuna (prickly pear) extract. Aspect 26 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 25, wherein the composition increases moisture in skin. Aspect 27 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 26, wherein the composition stimulates production of collagen. Aspect 28 depends on any one of Aspects 1 to 27, wherein the composition is an emulsion, a serum, a gel, a gel emulsion, or a gel serum. Aspect 29 includes a skin composition comprising an effective amount of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract,Morus alba fruit extract, and Porphyridium cruentum extract to treat skin. Aspect 30 depends on Aspect 29, wherein the composition comprises: 0.001 to 1% by weight of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract; 0.01 to 1% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract; 0.0001 to 0.1% by weight of Morus alba fruit extract; and 0.001 to 1% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract. Aspect 31 depends on Aspects 29 and 30, wherein the Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract is a lactic acid, betaine, and water extract from Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant material. Aspect 32 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 31, wherein the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract. Aspect 33 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 32, wherein the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is a water extract. Aspect 34 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 33, wherein the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract of dried Caulerpa lentillifera algae. Aspect 35 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 34, the composition comprising 0.001 to 0.1% by weight of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract. Aspect 36 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 35, the composition comprising 0.1 to 1% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract. Aspect 37 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 36, the composition comprising 0.0001 to 0.01% by weight of Morus alba fruit extract. Aspect 38 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 37, the composition comprising 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract. Aspect 39 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 38, the composition further comprising 40 to 85% by weight of water. Aspect 40 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 39, wherein the composition is capable of improving a skin condition comprising skin thickness, skin tightness, skin moisture, or combinations thereof. Aspect 41 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 40, wherein the composition is capable of reducing a skin conditions comprising skin dryness loss of skin thickness, fine lines, deep lines, wrinkles, skin sagging, or combinations thereof. Aspect 42 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 41, the composition further comprising one or more of: a humectant, an emollient, a skin conditioning agent, a colorant, and/or a pH adjuster. Aspect 43 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 42, wherein the composition is a topical skin composition. Aspect 44 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 43, the composition further comprising water, glycerin, butylene glycol, Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil, betaine, and/or dipotassium glycyrrhizate. Aspect 45 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 44, the composition further comprising: 1 to 95% by weight water; 0.1 to 20% by weight glycerin; 0.1 to 10% by weight butylene glycol; 0.1 to 5% by weight Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil; 0.01 to 3% by weight betaine; and/or 0.01 to 1% by weight dipotassium glycyrrhizate. Aspect 46 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 45, the composition further comprising carbomer, xanthan gum, biosaccharide gum-1, and/or sodium polyacrylate. Aspect 47 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 46, the composition further comprising: 0.001 to 1% by weight carbomer; 0.1 to 20% by weight xanthan gum; 0.1 to 10% by weight biosaccharide gum-1; and/or 0.1 to 5% by weight sodium polyacrylate. Aspect 48 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 47, the composition further comprising one or more of: methyl gluceth-20, pentylene glycol, dimethicone, triethanolamine, carbomer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, sodium phytate, lactic acid, pullulan, caprylyl glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, tocopheryl acetate, disodium EDTA, and/or fragrance. Aspect 49 depends on Aspect 48, the composition further comprising: 0.01 to 5% by weight methyl gluceth-20; 0.01 to 5% by weight pentylene glycol; 0.01 to 5% by weight dimethicone; 0.01 to 5% by weight triethanolamine; 0.01 to 3% by weight carbomer; 0.01 to 3% by weight hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; 0.01 to 1% by weight tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate; 0.01 to 1% by weight sodium phytate; 0.01 to 1% by weight lactic acid; 0.01 to 1% by weight pullulan; 0.01 to 1% by weight caprylyl glycol; 0.01 to 1% by weight 1,2-hexanediol; 0.01 to 1% by weight tocopheryl acetate; 0.01 to 1% by weight disodium EDTA; and/or 0.01 to 1% by weight fragrance. Aspect 50 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 49, the composition further comprising Opuntia tuna (prickly pear) extract. Aspect 51 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 50, wherein the composition increases moisture in skin. Aspect 52 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 51, wherein the composition stimulates production of collagen. Aspect 53 depends on any one of Aspects 29 to 52, wherein the composition is an emulsion, a serum, a gel, a gel emulsion, or a gel serum.

“Topical application” means to apply or spread a composition onto the surface of lips or keratinous tissue. “Topical skin composition” includes compositions suitable for topical application on skin and/or keratinous tissue. Such compositions are typically dermatologically-acceptable in that they do not have undue toxicity, incompatibility, instability, allergic response, and the like, when applied to skin and/or keratinous tissue. Topical skin care compositions of the present invention can have a selected viscosity to avoid significant dripping or pooling after application to skin and/or keratinous tissue.

“Keratinous tissue” includes keratin-containing layers disposed as the outermost protective covering of mammals and includes, but is not limited to, lips, skin, hair, and nails.

The term “about” or “approximately” are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In one non-limiting embodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%, preferably within 5%, more preferably within 1%, and most preferably within 0.5%.

The term “substantially” and its variations are refers to ranges within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, or within 0.5%.

The terms “inhibiting” or “reducing” or any variation of these terms includes any measurable decrease or complete inhibition to achieve a desired result. The terms “promote” or “increase” or any variation of these terms includes any measurable increase, such as a measurable increase of a protein or molecule (e.g., matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, collagen, or elastin or molecules such as hyaluronic acid) to achieve a desired result.

The term “effective,” as that term is used in the specification and/or claims, means adequate to accomplish a desired, expected, or intended result.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” or “containing,” or any variations of these terms, in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.”

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

The compositions and methods for their use can “comprise,” “consist essentially of,” or “consist of” any of the ingredients or steps disclosed throughout the specification. With respect to the phrase “consisting essentially of,” a basic and novel property of the compositions and methods of the present invention is the ability to improve skin thickness, skin tightness, skin moisture, or combinations thereof, to reduce skin dryness, loss of skin thickness, fine lines, deep lines, wrinkles, skin sagging, or combinations thereof, to increase moisture in skin, and/or to stimulate production of collagen, etc.

Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the examples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. Additionally, it is contemplated that changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

As noted above, the present invention provides a solution to the problems associated with current cosmetic products. In some embodiments, an effective amount of a combination of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and/or Porphyridium cruentum extract was shown in clinical studies to moisturize skin and provide anti-aging benefits such as an improvement in skin sagging and skin thickness. The combination of ingredients was also shown to increase anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) in skin, increase collagen expression in skin, increase elastin expression in skin, increase laminin expression in skin, inhibit MMP-1, inhibit MMP-3, inhibit MMP-9, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, or VEGF), inhibit elastase expression in skin, and/or increase fibronectin expression in skin.

Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract was shown to increase anti-oxidant capacity by 52% in skin, inhibit MMP-1 by 98%, MMP-3 by 40%, and MMP-9 by 61% in skin, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines lipoxygenase by 54%, IL-6 by 83%, 11-8 by 98%, TNF-α by 85%, and VEGF by 50%, and inhibit elastase expression by 54% in skin. Caulerpa lentillifera extract was shown to increase collagen expression by 31% in skin, increase elastin expression by 38% in skin, and inhibit MMP-9 expression in skin by 24%. Morus alba fruit extract was shown to increase anti-oxidant capacity by 98% in skin, increase collagen expression by 27% in skin, increase laminin expression by 14% in skin, inhibit MMP-1 by 96%, MMP-3 by 29%, and MMP-9 by 84% in skin, inhibit elastase expression by 25% in skin, and increase fibronectin expression by 13% in skin. Porphyridium cruentum extract was shown to increase collagen expression by 53% in skin.

A particular composition of the present invention is designed to work as a topical composition. The composition relies on a unique combination of any one of, any combination of, or all of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and/or Porphyridium cruentum extract. These combinations can be used to create topical compositions that improve skin firmness, improve skin radiance, improve skin tone clarity, improve skin brightness, improve skin tone evenness, reduce skin dryness, reduce photo damage, reduce loss of skin firmness, reduce fine lines, reduce deep lines, reduce wrinkles, reduce skin dullness, reduce skin sagging, reduce appearance of age spots on skin, increase anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) in skin, increase collagen expression in skin, increase elastin expression in skin, increase laminin expression in skin, inhibit MMP-1, inhibit MMP-3, inhibit MMP-9, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, or VEGF), inhibit elastase expression in skin, and/or increase fibronectin expression in skin. Non-limiting examples of such compositions are provided in Table 1 of Example 1 and Table 3 of Example 4 below.

Some compositions disclosed herein can be applied to the skin and remain on the skin for a period of time (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 60 minutes or more). After which, the composition, if needed, can be rinsed from the skin or peeled from the skin. Some compositions disclosed herein can be applied to the skin and immediately rinsed from the skin. Some compositions disclosed herein can be applied to the skin and absorbed at least in part by the skin.

These and other non-limiting aspects of the present invention are described in the following sections.

A. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract is an extract from the leaf of Rosmarinus officinalis. Rosmarinus officinalis is native to the Mediterranean region, and is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple, or blue flowers. It is a shrub that can reach up to 1.5 meters in height with leaves that are about 2 to 4 cm long with green (top surface) and white (bottom surface) coloring. In some aspects, the Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract can be obtained from the leaf of Rosmarinus officinalis. The leaf can be subjected to an eutectigenesis extraction process using a fluid extraction mixture comprising betaine or hydrated betaine, a hydrogen bond donor compound (e.g., polyols, organic acids, etc.), and water. In some instances, the leaf portion can be crushed or macerated and then subjected to the aforementioned eutectic fluid extraction mixture to obtain a eutectic extract. The eutectic extract can then be used in the compositions of the present invention. In some instances, the hydrogen bond donor is an organic acid, preferably lactic acid. Eutectigenesis utilizes eutectic solvents which are mixtures of compounds having melting points lower than those of their constituents taken in isolation. In some instances, Rosmarinus officinalis is commercially available. In some instances, Rosmarinus officinalis can be supplied by Naturex (France) under the trade name ROSEMARY EUTECTYS™. It has been determined that an effective amount of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract can be used to increase anti-oxidant capacity in skin, inhibit MMP-1, MMP-3, and/or MMP-9 in skin, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, and/or VEGF, and/or inhibit elastase expression in skin.

Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an extract from the Caulerpa lentillifera algae. Caulerpa lentillifera is native to the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and is a species of bryopsidale green algae. Caulerpa lentillifera is also called “green caviar” or “sea grapes” because it resembles a bunch of small shiny spheres. It is eaten in the Phillipines, Malaysia, Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia. In some instances, Caulerpa lentillifera extract is commercially available from Biosil Technologies, which supplies Caulerpa lentillifera extract under the trade name OKINACEA®. In some instances, the extract is an aqueous extract. In some instances, Caulerpa lentillifera extract is a water extract. In some instances, Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract of dried Caulerpa lentillifera algae. It has been determined that this ingredient can be used to increase collagen expression in skin, increase elastin expression in skin, and inhibit MMP-9 expression in skin.

Morus alba fruit extract is an extract of white mulberry fruit, a tree native to northern China. In some instances, Morus alba fruit extract is commercially available from Rahn, which supplies Morus alba fruit extract under the trade name DERMOFEEL® ENLIGHT. In some instances, the extract is a glycerol/water extract. In some instances, the extraction of the fruits of Morus alba can be harvested under organic conditions without the use of alcohol by using an organic glycerol/water mix as the extraction solvent. It has been determined that this ingredient can be used to increase anti-oxidant capacity in skin, increase collagen expression in skin, increase laminin expression in skin, inhibit MMP-1, MMP-3, and/or MMP-9 in skin, inhibit elastase expression in skin, and/or increase fibronectin expression in skin.

Porphyridium cruentum extract is an extract from the Porphyridium cruentum algae. Porphyridium cruentum is a species of red algae. In some instances, the extract is a glycolic extract. In some instances, Porphyridium cruentum extract is commercially available from Rahn USA Corp., which supplies Porphyridium cruentum extract under the trade name LIFTONIN®-XPRESS. In some aspects, the extract is an aqueous extract of red algae. It has been determined that this ingredient can be used to increase collagen expression in skin.

This combination of ingredients can be used in different product forms to treat various skin conditions. By way of non-limiting examples, the combination of ingredients can be formulated in an emulsion (e.g., oil in water, water in oil), a gel, a serum, a gel emulsion, a gel serum, a lotion, a mask, a scrub, a wash, a cream, or a body butter.

The extracts described herein can be extracts made through extraction methods known in the art and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of extraction methods include the use of liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, aqueous extraction, ethyl acetate, alcohol, acetone, oil, supercritical carbon dioxide, heat, pressure, pressure drop extraction, ultrasonic extraction, etc. Extracts can be a liquid, solid, dried liquid, re-suspended solid, etc.

B. AMOUNTS OF INGREDIENTS

It is contemplated that the compositions of the present invention can include any amount of the ingredients discussed in this specification. The compositions can also include any number of combinations of additional ingredients described throughout this specification (e.g., pigments, or additional cosmetic or pharmaceutical ingredients). The concentrations of the any ingredient within the compositions can vary. In non-limiting embodiments, for example, the compositions can comprise, consisting essentially of, or consist of, in their final form, for example, at least about 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0010%, 0.0011%, 0.0012%, 0.0013%, 0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%, 0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%, 0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%, 0.0026%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%, 0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%, 0.0033%, 0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0037%, 0.0038%, 0.0039%, 0.0040%, 0.0041%, 0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0046%, 0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%, 0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%, 0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%, 0.0061%, 0.0062%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%, 0.0066%, 0.0067%, 0.0068%, 0.0069%, 0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0073%, 0.0074%, 0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%, 0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%, 0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%, 0.0089%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%, 0.0094%, 0.0095%, 0.0096%, 0.0097%, 0.0098%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%, 0.0250%, 0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%, 0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0425%, 0.0450%, 0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%, 0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%, 0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%, 0.0750%, 0.0775%, 0.0800%, 0.0825%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%, 0.0950%, 0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%, 0.1500%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%, 0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%, 0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4250%, 0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%, 0.0550%, 0.5750%, 0.6000%, 0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%, 0.7500%, 0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%, 0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% or any range derivable therein, of at least one of the ingredients that are mentioned throughout the specification and claims. In non-limiting aspects, the percentage can be calculated by weight or volume of the total composition. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the concentrations can vary depending on the addition, substitution, and/or subtraction of ingredients in a given composition.

C. VEHICLES

The compositions of the present invention can include or be incorporated into all types of vehicles and carriers. The vehicle or carrier can be a pharmaceutically or dermatologically acceptable vehicle or carrier. Non-limiting examples of vehicles or carriers include water, glycerin, alcohol, oil, a silicon containing compound, a silicone compound, and wax. Variations and other appropriate vehicles will be apparent to the skilled artisan and are appropriate for use in the present invention. In certain aspects, the concentrations and combinations of the compounds, ingredients, and agents can be selected in such a way that the combinations are chemically compatible and do not form complexes which precipitate from the finished product.

D. STRUCTURE

The compositions of the present invention can be structured or formulated into a variety of different forms. Non-limiting examples include emulsions (e.g., water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in-water, oil-in-water, silicone-in-water, water-in-silicone, oil-in-water-in-oil, oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions), creams, lotions, solutions (both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic), anhydrous bases (such as lipsticks and powders), gels, masks, scrubs, body butters, peels, and ointments. Variations and other structures will be apparent to the skilled artisan and are appropriate for use in the present invention.

E. ADDITIONAL INGREDIENTS

In addition to the combination of ingredients disclosed by the inventors, the compositions can also include additional ingredients such as cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceutical active ingredients. Non-limiting examples of these additional ingredients are described in the following subsections.

1. Cosmetic Ingredients

The CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook (2004 and 2008) describes a wide variety of non-limiting cosmetic ingredients that can be used in the context of the present invention. Examples of these ingredient classes include: fragrance agents (artificial and natural; e.g., gluconic acid, phenoxyethanol, and triethanolamine), dyes and color ingredients (e.g., Blue 1, Blue 1 Lake, Red 40, titanium dioxide, D&C blue no. 4, D&C green no. 5, D&C orange no. 4, D&C red no. 17, D&C red no. 33, D&C violet no. 2, D&C yellow no. 10, and D&C yellow no. 11), flavoring agents/aroma agents (e.g., Stevia rebaudiana (sweetleaf) extract, and menthol), adsorbents, lubricants, solvents, moisturizers (including, e.g., emollients, humectants, film formers, occlusive agents, and agents that affect the natural moisturization mechanisms of the skin), water-repellants, UV absorbers (physical and chemical absorbers such as para-aminobenzoic acid (“PABA”) and corresponding PABA derivatives, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, etc.), essential oils, vitamins (e.g., A, B, C, D, E, and K), trace metals (e.g., zinc, calcium and selenium), anti-irritants (e.g., steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories), botanical extracts (e.g., Aloe vera, chamomile, cucumber extract, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and rosemary), anti-microbial agents, antioxidants (e.g., BHT and tocopherol), chelating agents (e.g., di sodium EDTA and tetrasodium EDTA), preservatives (e.g., methylparaben and propylparaben), pH adjusters (e.g., sodium hydroxide and citric acid), absorbents (e.g., aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, kaolin, corn starch, oat starch, cyclodextrin, talc, and zeolite), skin bleaching and lightening agents (e.g., hydroquinone and niacinamide lactate), humectants (e.g., sorbitol, urea, methyl gluceth-20, saccharide isomerate, and mannitol), exfoliants, waterproofing agents (e.g., magnesium/aluminum hydroxide stearate), skin conditioning agents (e.g., aloe extracts, allantoin, bisabolol, ceramides, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid, biosaccharide gum-1, ethylhexylglycerin, pentylene glycol, hydrogenated polydecene, octyldodecyl oleate, gluconolactone, calcium gluconate, cyclohexasiloxane, and dipotassium glycyrrhizate). Non-limiting examples of some of these ingredients are provided in the following subsections.

a. UV Absorption and/or Reflecting Agents

UV absorption and/or reflecting agents that can be used in combination with the compositions of the present invention include chemical and physical sunblocks. Non-limiting examples of chemical sunblocks that can be used include para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), PABA esters (glyceryl PABA, amyldimethyl PABA and octyldimethyl PABA), butyl PABA, ethyl PABA, ethyl dihydroxypropyl PABA, benzophenones (oxybenzone, sulisobenzone, benzophenone, and benzophenone-1 through 12), cinnamates (octyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate, octylmethoxy cinnamate, cinoxate, diisopropyl methyl cinnamate, DEA-methoxycinnamate, ethyl diisopropylcinnamate, glyceryl octanoate dimethoxycinnamate and ethyl methoxycinnamate), cinnamate esters, salicylates (homomethyl salicylate, benzyl salicylate, glycol salicylate, isopropylbenzyl salicylate, etc.), anthranilates, ethyl urocanate, homosalate, octisalate, dibenzoylmethane derivatives (e.g., avobenzone), octocrylene, octyl triazone, digalloyl trioleate, glyceryl aminobenzoate, lawsone with dihydroxyacetone, ethylhexyl triazone, dioctyl butamido triazone, benzylidene malonate polysiloxane, terephthalylidene di camphor sulfonic acid, di sodium phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate, bis diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl benzoate, bis benzoxazoylphenyl ethylhexylimino triazine, drometrizole trisiloxane, methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol, and bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyltriazine, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, and isopentyl 4-methoxycinnamate. Non-limiting examples of physical sunblocks include, kaolin, talc, petrolatum and metal oxides (e.g., titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).

b. Moisturizing Agents

Non-limiting examples of moisturizing agents that can be used with the compositions of the present invention include amino acids, chondroitin sulfate, diglycerin, erythritol, fructose, glucose, glycerin, glycerol polymers, glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, honey, hyaluronic acid, hydrogenated honey, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, inositol, lactitol, maltitol, maltose, mannitol, natural moisturizing factor, PEG-15 butanediol, polyglyceryl sorbitol, salts of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, potassium PCA, propylene glycol, saccharide isomerate, sodium glucuronate, sodium PCA, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, urea, and xylitol.

Other examples include acetylated lanolin, acetylated lanolin alcohol, alanine, algae extract, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe barbadensis extract, Aloe barbadensis gel, Althea officinalis extract, apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernel oil, arginine, arginine aspartate, Arnica montana extract, aspartic acid, avocado (Persea gratissima) oil, barrier sphingolipids, butyl alcohol, beeswax, behenyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, birch (Betula alba) bark extract, borage (Borago officinalis) extract, butcherbroom (Ruscus aculeatus) extract, butylene glycol, Calendula officinalis extract, Calendula officinalis oil, candelilla (Euphorbia cerifera) wax, canola oil, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) oil, carnauba (Copernicia cerifera) wax, carrot (Daucus carota sativa) oil, castor (Ricinus communis) oil, ceramides, ceresin, ceteareth-5, ceteareth-12, ceteareth-20, cetearyl octanoate, ceteth-20, ceteth-24, cetyl acetate, cetyl octanoate, cetyl palmitate, chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) oil, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, cholesteryl hydroxystearate, citric acid, clary (Salvia sclarea) oil, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) butter, coco-caprylate/caprate, coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil, collagen, collagen amino acids, corn (Zea mays) oil, fatty acids, decyl oleate, dimethicone copolyol, dimethiconol, dioctyl adipate, dioctyl succinate, dipentaerythrityl hexacaprylate/hexacaprate, DNA, erythritol, ethoxydiglycol, ethyl linoleate, Eucalyptus globulus oil, evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil, fatty acids, Geranium maculatum oil, glucosamine, glucose glutamate, glutamic acid, glycereth-26, glycerin, glycerol, glyceryl distearate, glyceryl hydroxystearate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl linoleate, glyceryl myristate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl stearate SE, glycine, glycol stearate, glycol stearate SE, glycosaminoglycans, grape (Vitis vinifera) seed oil, hazel (Corylus americana) nut oil, hazel (Corylus avellana) nut oil, hexylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, hybrid safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated coco-glycerides, hydrogenated coconut oil, hydrogenated lanolin, hydrogenated lecithin, hydrogenated palm glyceride, hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated tallow glyceride, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrolyzed collagen, hydrolyzed elastin, hydrolyzed glycosaminoglycans, hydrolyzed keratin, hydrolyzed soy protein, hydroxylated lanolin, hydroxyproline, isocetyl stearate, isocetyl stearoyl stearate, isodecyl oleate, isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl lanol ate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isostearamide DEA, isostearic acid, isostearyl lactate, isostearyl neopentanoate, jasmine (Jasminum officinale) oil, jojoba (Buxus chinensis) oil, kelp, kukui (Aleurites moluccana) nut oil, lactamide MEA, laneth-16, laneth-10 acetate, lanolin, lanolin acid, lanolin alcohol, lanolin oil, lanolin wax, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil, lecithin, lemon (Citrus medica limonum) oil, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, Macadamia ternifolia nut oil, maltitol, matricaria (Chamomilla recutita) oil, methyl glucose sesquistearate, methyl silanol PCA, mineral oil, mink oil, mortierella oil, myristyl lactate, myristyl myristate, myristyl propionate, neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, octyldodecanol, octyldodecyl myristate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, octyl hydroxystearate, octyl palmitate, octyl salicylate, octyl stearate, oleic acid, olive (Olea europaea) oil, orange (Citrus aurantium dulcis) oil, palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil, palmitic acid, pantethine, panthenol, panthenyl ethyl ether, paraffin, PCA, peach (Prunus persica) kernel oil, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) oil, PEG-8 C12-18 ester, PEG-15 cocamine, PEG-150 distearate, PEG-60 glyceryl isostearate, PEG-5 glyceryl stearate, PEG-30 glyceryl stearate, PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate, PEG-40 sorbitan peroleate, PEG-5 soy sterol, PEG-10 soy sterol, PEG-2 stearate, PEG-8 stearate, PEG-20 stearate, PEG-32 stearate, PEG-40 stearate, PEG-50 stearate, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-150 stearate, pentadecalactone, peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil, petrolatum, phospholipids, plankton extract, polyamino sugar condensate, polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate, polyquaternium-24, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polysorbate 85, potassium myristate, potassium palmitate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, propylene glycol dioctanoate, propylene glycol dipelargonate, propylene glycol laurate, propylene glycol stearate, propylene glycol stearate SE, PVP, pyridoxine dipalmitate, retinol, retinyl palmitate, rice (Oryza sativa) bran oil, RNA, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) oil, rose oil, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil, sage (Salvia officinalis) oil, sandalwood (Santalum album) oil, serine, serum protein, sesame (Sesamum indicum) oil, shea butter (Butyrospermum parkii), silk powder, sodium chondroitin sulfate, sodium hyaluronate, sodium lactate, sodium palmitate, sodium PCA, sodium polyglutamate, soluble collagen, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan oleate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan stearate, sorbitol, soybean (Glycine soja) oil, sphingolipids, squalane, squalene, stearami de MEA-stearate, stearic acid, stearoxy dimethicone, stearoxytrim ethyl silane, stearyl alcohol, stearyl glycyrrhetinate, stearyl heptanoate, stearyl stearate, sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed oil, sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus dukis) oil, synthetic beeswax, tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, tribehenin, tridecyl neopentanoate, tridecyl stearate, triethanolamine, tristearin, urea, vegetable oil, water, waxes, wheat (Triticum vulgare) germ oil, and ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) oil.

c. Antioxidants

Non-limiting examples of antioxidants that can be used with the compositions of the present invention include acetyl cysteine, ascorbic acid polypeptide, ascorbyl dipalmitate, ascorbyl methylsilanol pectinate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, BHA, BHT, t-butyl hydroquinone, cysteine, cysteine HCI, diamylhydroquinone, di-t-butylhydroquinone, dicetyl thiodipropionate, dioleyl tocopheryl methylsilanol, disodium ascorbyl sulfate, distearyl thiodipropionate, ditridecyl thiodipropionate, dodecyl gallate, erythorbic acid, esters of ascorbic acid, ethyl ferulate, ferulic acid, gallic acid esters, hydroquinone, isooctyl thioglycolate, kojic acid, magnesium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, methylsilanol ascorbate, natural botanical anti-oxidants such as green tea or grape seed extracts, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, octyl gallate, phenylthioglycolic acid, potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate, potassium sulfite, propyl gallate, quinones, rosmarinic acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium erythorbate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, superoxide dismutase, sodium thioglycolate, sorbityl furfural, thiodiglycol, thiodiglycolamide, thiodiglycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, thiolactic acid, thiosalicylic acid, tocophereth-5, tocophereth-10, tocophereth-12, tocophereth-18, tocophereth-50, tocopherol, tocophersolan, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, tocopheryl nicotinate, tocopheryl succinate, and tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite.

d. Structuring Agents

In other non-limiting aspects, the compositions of the present invention can include a structuring agent. Structuring agents, in certain aspects, assist in providing rheological characteristics to the composition to contribute to the composition's stability. In other aspects, structuring agents can also function as an emulsifier or surfactant. Non-limiting examples of structuring agents include sodium cocoyl glutamate, hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin, stearic acid, palmitic acid, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, stearic acid, palmitic acid, the polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol having an average of about 1 to about 21 ethylene oxide units, the polyethylene glycol ether of cetyl alcohol having an average of about 1 to about 5 ethylene oxide units, and mixtures thereof.

e. Emulsifiers

In certain aspects of the present invention, the compositions do not include an emulsifier. In other aspects, however, the compositions can include one or more emulsifiers. Emulsifiers can reduce the interfacial tension between phases and improve the formulation and stability of an emulsion. The emulsifiers can be nonionic, cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic emulsifiers (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,681; 4,421,769; 3,755,560). Non-limiting examples include esters of glycerin, esters of propylene glycol, fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol, fatty acid esters of polypropylene glycol, esters of sorbitol, esters of sorbitan anhydrides, carboxylic acid copolymers, esters and ethers of glucose, ethoxylated ethers, ethoxylated alcohols, alkyl phosphates, polyoxyethylene fatty ether phosphates, fatty acid amides, acyl lactylates, soaps, TEA stearate, DEA oleth-3 phosphate, polyethylene glycol 20 sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20), polyethylene glycol 5 soya sterol, steareth-2, steareth-20, steareth-21, ceteareth-20, cetearyl glucoside, cetearyl alcohol, C12-13 pareth-3, PPG-2 methyl glucose ether distearate, PP G-5 -ceteth-20, bis-PEG/PPG-20/20 dimethicone, ceteth-10, polysorbate 80, cetyl phosphate, potassium cetyl phosphate, diethanolamine cetyl phosphate, polysorbate 60, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, arachidyl alcohol, arachidyl glucoside, and mixtures thereof.

f. Silicone Containing Compounds

In non-limiting aspects, silicone containing compounds include any member of a family of polymeric products whose molecular backbone is made up of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with side groups attached to the silicon atoms. By varying the —Si—O— chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized into a wide variety of materials. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to solids.

The silicone containing compounds that can be used in the context of the present invention include those described in this specification or those known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples include silicone oils (e.g., volatile and non-volatile oils), gels, and solids. In certain aspects, the silicon containing compounds includes a silicone oils such as a polyorganosiloxane. Non-limiting examples of polyorganosiloxanes include dimethicone, cyclomethicone, cyclohexasiloxane, poly sili cone-11, phenyl trimethicone, trimethylsilylamodimethicone, stearoxytrimethylsilane, or mixtures of these and other organosiloxane materials in any given ratio in order to achieve the desired consistency and application characteristics depending upon the intended application (e.g., to a particular area such as the skin, hair, or eyes). A “volatile silicone oil” includes a silicone oil have a low heat of vaporization, i.e., normally less than about 50 cal per gram of silicone oil. Non-limiting examples of volatile silicone oils include: cyclomethicones such as Dow Corning 344 Fluid, Dow Corning 345 Fluid, Dow Corning 244 Fluid, and Dow Corning 245 Fluid, Volatile Silicon 7207 (Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Conn.); low viscosity dimethicones, i.e., dimethicones having a viscosity of about 50 cst or less (e.g., dimethicones such as Dow Corning 200-0.5 cst Fluid). The Dow Corning Fluids are available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan. Cyclomethicone and dimethicone are described in the Third Edition of the CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary (incorporated by reference) as cyclic dimethyl polysiloxane compounds and a mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers end-blocked with trimethylsiloxy units, respectively. Other non-limiting volatile silicone oils that can be used in the context of the present invention include those available from General Electric Co., Silicone Products Div., Waterford, N.Y. and SWS Silicones Div. of Stauffer Chemical Co., Adrian, Michigan.

g. Exfoliating Agent

Exfoliating agents include ingredients that remove dead skin cells on the skin's outer surface. These agents may act through mechanical, chemical, and/or other means. Non-limiting examples of mechanical exfoliating agents include abrasives such as pumice, silica, cloth, paper, shells, beads, solid crystals, solid polymers, etc. Non-limiting examples of chemical exfoliating agents include acids and enzyme exfoliants. Acids that can be used as exfoliating agents include, but are not limited to, glycolic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, a hydroxy acids, beta hydroxy acids, etc. Other exfoliating agents known to those of skill in the art are also contemplated as being useful within the context of the present invention.

h. Essential Oils

Essential oils include oils derived from herbs, flowers, trees, and other plants. Such oils are typically present as tiny droplets between the plant's cells, and can be extracted by several method known to those of skill in the art (e.g., steam distilled, enfleurage (i.e., extraction by using fat), maceration, solvent extraction, or mechanical pressing). When these types of oils are exposed to air they tend to evaporate (i.e., a volatile oil). As a result, many essential oils are colorless, but with age they can oxidize and become darker. Essential oils are insoluble in water and are soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed oils (vegetal), and other organic solvents. Typical physical characteristics found in essential oils include boiling points that vary from about 160° to 240° C. and densities ranging from about 0.759 to about 1.096.

Essential oils typically are named by the plant from which the oil is found. For example, rose oil or peppermint oil are derived from rose or peppermint plants, respectively. Non-limiting examples of essential oils that can be used in the context of the present invention include sesame oil, macadamia nut oil, tea tree oil, evening primrose oil, Spanish sage oil, Spanish rosemary oil, coriander oil, thyme oil, pimento berries oil, rose oil, anise oil, balsam oil, bergamot oil, rosewood oil, cedar oil, chamomile oil, sage oil, clary sage oil, clove oil, cypress oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, sea fennel oil, frankincense oil, geranium oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, jasmine oil, juniper oil, lavender oil, lemon oil, lemongrass oil, lime oil, mandarin oil, marjoram oil, myrrh oil, neroli oil, orange oil, patchouli oil, pepper oil, black pepper oil, petitgrain oil, pine oil, rose otto oil, rosemary oil, sandalwood oil, spearmint oil, spikenard oil, vetiver oil, wintergreen oil, or ylang ylang. Other essential oils known to those of skill in the art are also contemplated as being useful within the context of the present invention.

i. Thickening Agents

Thickening agents, including thickener or gelling agents, include substances which that can increase the viscosity of a composition. Thickeners includes those that can increase the viscosity of a composition without substantially modifying the efficacy of the active ingredient within the composition. Thickeners can also increase the stability of the compositions of the present invention. In certain aspects of the present invention, thickeners include hydrogenated polyisobutene, trihydroxystearin, ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer, or a mixture of them.

Non-limiting examples of additional thickening agents that can be used in the context of the present invention include carboxylic acid polymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylamide polymers, polysaccharides, and gums. Examples of carboxylic acid polymers include crosslinked compounds containing one or more monomers derived from acrylic acid, substituted acrylic acids, and salts and esters of these acrylic acids and the substituted acrylic acids, wherein the crosslinking agent contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds and is derived from a polyhydric alcohol (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,087,445; 4,509,949; 2,798,053; CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Fourth edition, 1991, pp. 12 and 80). Examples of commercially available carboxylic acid polymers include carbomers, which are homopolymers of acrylic acid crosslinked with allyl ethers of sucrose or pentaerytritol (e.g., Carbopol® Ultrez 10 from Lubrizol).

Non-limiting examples of crosslinked polyacrylate polymers include cationic and nonionic polymers. Examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,100,660 ; 4,849,484; 4,835,206; 4,628,078; 4,599,379).

Non-limiting examples of polyacrylamide polymers (including nonionic polyacrylamide polymers including substituted branched or unbranched polymers) include polyacrylamide, isoparaffin and laureth-7, multi-block copolymers of acrylamides and substituted acrylamides with acrylic acids and substituted acrylic acids.

Non-limiting examples of polysaccharides include cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulose acetate propionate carboxylate, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methyl hydroxyethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium cellulose sulfate, and mixtures thereof. Another example is an alkyl substituted cellulose where the hydroxy groups of the cellulose polymer is hydroxyalkylated (preferably hydroxy ethylated or hydroxypropylated) to form a hydroxyalkylated cellulose which is then further modified with a C10-C30 straight chain or branched chain alkyl group through an ether linkage. Typically these polymers are ethers of C10-C30 straight or branched chain alcohols with hydroxyalkylcelluloses. Other useful polysaccharides include scleroglucans comprising a linear chain of (1-3) linked glucose units with a (1-6) linked glucose every three unit.

Non-limiting examples of gums that can be used with the present invention include acacia, agar, algin, alginic acid, ammonium alginate, amylopectin, calcium alginate, calcium carrageenan, carnitine, carrageenan, dextrin, gelatin, gellan gum, guar gum, guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hectorite, hyaluronic acid, hydrated silica, hydroxypropyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl guar, karaya gum, kelp, locust bean gum, natto gum, potassium alginate, potassium carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, sclerotium gum, sodium carboxymethyl dextran, sodium carrageenan, tragacanth gum, xanthan gum, and mixtures thereof.

j. Preservatives

Non-limiting examples of preservatives that can be used in the context of the present invention include quaternary ammonium preservatives such as polyquaternium-1 and benzalkonium halides (e.g., benzalkonium chloride (“BAC”) and benzalkonium bromide), parabens (e.g., methylparabens and propylparabens), phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.

2. Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Pharmaceutical active agents are also contemplated as being useful with the compositions of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical active agents include anti-acne agents, agents used to treat rosacea, analgesics, anesthetics, anorectals, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimicrobials, anti-cancer actives, scabicides, pediculicides, antineoplastics, antiperspirants, antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antiseborrheic agents, biologically active proteins and peptides, burn treatment agents, cauterizing agents, depigmenting agents, depilatories, diaper rash treatment agents, enzymes, hair growth stimulants, hair growth retardants including DFMO and its salts and analogs, hemostatics, kerotolytics, canker sore treatment agents, cold sore treatment agents, dental and periodontal treatment agents, photosensitizing actives, skin protectant/barrier agents, steroids including hormones and corticosteroids, sunburn treatment agents, sunscreens, transdermal actives, nasal actives, vaginal actives, wart treatment agents, wound treatment agents, wound healing agents, etc.

F. KITS

Kits are also contemplated as being used in certain aspects of the present invention. For instance, compositions of the present invention can be included in a kit. A kit can include a container. Containers can include a bottle, a metal tube, a laminate tube, a plastic tube, a dispenser, a pressurized container, a barrier container, a package, a compartment, a lipstick container, a compact container, cosmetic pans that can hold cosmetic compositions, or other types of containers such as injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which the dispersions or compositions or desired bottles, dispensers, or packages are retained. The kit and/or container can include indicia on its surface. The indicia, for example, can be a word, a phrase, an abbreviation, a picture, or a symbol.

The containers can dispense a pre-determined amount of the composition. In other embodiments, the container can be squeezed (e.g., metal, laminate, or plastic tube) to dispense a desired amount of the composition. The composition can be dispensed as a spray, an aerosol, a liquid, a fluid, or a semi-solid. The containers can have spray, pump, or squeeze mechanisms. A kit can also include instructions for employing the kit components as well the use of any other compositions included in the container. Instructions can include an explanation of how to apply, use, and maintain the compositions.

G. EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

1. Example 1 (Materials Used)

The active ingredients in Table 1 were used to obtain the in vitro data noted below.

TABLE 1 Ingredient Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, supplied by Naturex (France) under the trade name ROSEMARY EUTECTYS ™. Caulerpa lentillifera extract, supplied by Biosil Technologies under the trade name OKINACEA ®. Morus alba fruit extract, supplied by Rahn USA Corp. under the trade name DERMOFEEL ® ENLIGHT Porphyridium cruentum extract, supplied by Rahn USA Corp. under the trade name LIFTONIN ®-XPRESS.

2. Example 2 (Clinical Efficacy Study)

It has been unexpectedly determined that use of a combination of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and Porphyridium cruentum extract is effective in clinical tests such as skin thickness as measured by ultrasound, reduction in skin sagging as measured by expert clinical grading and 2-D photography, and improvement in skin moisturization. This data suggests that the combination of ingredients may act synergistically.

a. Skin Thickness and Skin Sagging

A controlled clinical study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of a facial emulsion treatment product to provide anti-aging benefits to skin. The study took place over the course of nine (9) weeks, wherein the first week was a “wash-out” to ensure previous product usage by participants did not affect this study and the next eight (8) weeks included test product usage. Evaluation of skin thickness and skin sagging was performed at the Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, and Week 8 of treatment. Methods for evaluation included ultrasound for skin thickness, expert clinical grading for skin sagging evaluation, and 2D photography skin sagging evaluation.

Participants were healthy Asian female volunteers, aged 36 to 65 years. Participants had visible signs of sagging skin in the face. Participants were instructed to apply the test facial emulsion product to clean skin, applying to the entire face and forehead each morning and each evening for the duration of the study.

Skin thickness was measured using an ultrasound and compared to the Baseline measurements. For skin thickness, participants showed a significant improvement in Week 2 and Week 4, and maintained the improvement in Week 8. Average percentage improvement of skin thickness over the Baseline for the test product was 6% in Week 2, 8% in Week 4, and 8% in Week 8. The percentage of participants who showed improvement was also recorded. Percentage of participants who improved in skin thickness was 70% in Week 2, 80% in Week 4, and 83% in Week 8. Sagging skin was measured using 2-D photography and visual expert clinical grading. For visual improvement in skin sagging, participants showed significant improvement in Week 8. Average percentage improvement in sagging skin over the Baseline was 5% in Week 8. Percentage of participants who showed a visual improvement in sagging skin over the Baseline was 8% in Week 2, 25% in Week 4, and 42% in Week 8.

b. Skin Moisturization

A moisturization study was also performed. A controlled clinical study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of a facial emulsion treatment product to provide moisturizing benefits to skin. The study took place over the course of five (5) days, wherein the first three days were a “wash-out” to ensure previous product usage by participants did not affect this study and the next two days included test product usage. Evaluation of skin moisturization was performed at the Baseline. Immediately after application of the product, Hour 6, and Hour 8 of treatment. Methods for evaluation included testing of moisturization level using a Novameter DPM9003 instrument.

Participants were twenty-six (26) healthy volunteers. Participants were selected by self-evaluation of dry skin and confirmation of dry skin with a Novameter DPM9003 reading of less than 130. Study staff applied 20 μL of the test facial emulsion product to a pre-identified 36 mm site on the volar surface of each Participant's forearms, for a dose density of 2 μL/cm². Participants self-evaluated level of skin moisture at the baseline, immediately after application, six (6) hours after treatment, and eight (8) hours after treatment. All participants reported an improvement in skin moisturization immediately after application of the test product. All participants reported that improvement in moisturization was also shown in Hour 6 and Hour 8 after application of the test product.

3. Example 3 (In-Vitro Efficacy of Ingredients)

It has been determined that Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and Porphyridium cruentum extract can increase anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) in skin, increase collagen expression in skin, increase elastin expression in skin, increase laminin expression in skin, inhibit MMP-1, inhibit MMP-3, inhibit MMP-9, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., lipoxygenase, IL-6, 11-8, TNF-α, or VEGF), inhibit elastase expression in skin, and/or increase fibronectin expression in skin. A summary of results are found in Tables 2 to 9 and the methods used to determine the properties of the ingredients are provided below.

TABLE 2 (Change in Expression of Activities) Type of Change Ingredient Change (%) Increase Anti-Oxidant (AO) Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 52 Capacity Morus alba fruit extract 98 Increase Collagen Expression Morus alba fruit extract 27 Caulerpa lentillifera extract 31 Porphyridium cruentum extract 53 Increase Laminin Expression Morus alba fruit extract 14 Inhibit MMP-1 Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 98 Morus alba fruit extract 96 Inhibit MMP-3 Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 40 Morus alba fruit extract 29 Inhibit MMP-9 Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 61 Morus alba fruit extract 84 Caulerpa lentillifera extract 24 Inhibit Lipoxygenase Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 54 Inhibit IL-6 Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 83 Inhibit IL-8 Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 98 Inhibit TNF-α Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 85 Inhibit VEGF Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 50 Inhibit Elastase Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract 54 Morus alba fruit extract 25 Increase Elastin Expression Caulerpa lentillifera extract 38 Increase Fibronectin Expression Morus alba fruit extract 13

Antioxidant (AO) Assay: Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract and Morus alba fruit extract have been shown to provide anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) by inhibiting the oxidation of ABT® (2,2′-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate]) to ABTS®⋅+ by metmyoglobin. The antioxidant system of living organisms includes enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; macromolecules such as albumin, ceruloplasmin, and ferritin; and an array of small molecules, including ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, reduced glutathione, uric acid, and bilirubin. The sum of endogenous and food-derived antioxidants represents the total antioxidant activity of the extracellular fluid. Cooperation of all the different antioxidants provides greater protection against attack by reactive oxygen or nitrogen radicals, than any single compound alone. Thus, the overall antioxidant capacity may give more relevant biological information compared to that obtained by the measurement of individual components, as it considers the cumulative effect of all antioxidants present in plasma and body fluids. The capacity of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract and Morus alba fruit extract to prevent ABTS oxidation was compared with that of Trolox, a water-soluble tocopherol analogue, and was quantified as molar Trolox equivalents. Anti-Oxidant capacity kit # 709001 from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, Michigan USA) was used to measure the total anti-oxidant capacity. It was determined that Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract inhibited the oxidation of ABTS® to ABTS®⋅+ by metmyoglobin by 52% and Morus alba fruit extract inhibited by 98% as compared to the inhibition of oxidation by Trolox.

Collagen Stimulation Assay: Morus alba fruit extract, Caulerpa lentillifera extract, and Porphyridium cruentum extract have been shown to increase expression of procollagen-1, a precursor to collagen. Collagens (types I, II, III, IV and V) are synthesized as precursor molecules called procollagens. These precursor molecules contain additional peptide sequences, usually called “propeptides”, at both the amino-terminal and the carboxy-terminal ends. During cellular expression and secretion, procollagens are assembled in the trimeric form and then cleaved at specific N- and C-terminal sites by specific endopeptidases, generating three fragments: procollagen-1 N-terminal propeptide (PINP), Type I collagen, and procollagen-1 carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP).

The function of the propeptides is to facilitate the winding of procollagen molecules into a triple-helical conformation within the endoplasmic reticulum. The propeptides are cleaved off from the collagen triple helix molecule during its secretion, after which the triple helix collagens polymerize into extracellular collagen fibrils. Thus, the amount of the free propeptides reflects stoichiometrically the amount of collagen molecules synthesized (a relationship analogous to that between the carboxy-terminal peptide of proinsulin and the endogenously produced insulin). Collagen is an extracellular matrix protein critical for skin structure. Increased synthesis of collagen helps improve skin firmness and elasticity.

Quantitative detection of PICP in fibroblast cell extracts and culture supernatants was performed with an enzyme immunoassay kit (e.g., Takara #MK101) to assess the effects of the ingredients on the synthesis of PICP in skin. This bioassay was used to examine effects on the production of procollagen peptide (a precursor to collagen) by human epidermal fibroblasts. The endpoint of this assay was a spectrophotometric measurement that reflects the presence of procollagen peptide and cellular viability. The assay employed the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique whereby a monoclonal antibody specific for procollagen peptide was pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples were pipetted into the wells and any procollagen peptide present was bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing away any unbound substances, an enzyme-linked polyclonal antibody specific for procollagen peptide was added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution was added to the wells and color was developed in proportion to the amount of procollagen peptide bound in the initial step. Color development was stopped and the intensity of the color at 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader. It was determined that Morus alba fruit extract increased procollagen-1 expression by 27%, Caulerpa lentillifera extract increased procollagen-1 expression by 31%, and Porphyridium cruentum extract increased procollagen-1 expression by 53%.

For generation of samples and controls, subconfluent normal human adult epidermal fibroblasts (Cascade Biologics) were cultivated in standard DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (Mediatech) at 37° C. in 10% CO₂. The cells were treated with each of the tested ingredients and controls for 3 days. Following incubation, cell culture medium was collected and the amount of Type I procollagen peptide secretion was quantified using the sandwich enzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay (ELISA) from Takara (#MK101) as explained above.

Laminin Stimulation Assay: Laminin is a major protein in the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) (also referred to as the basement membrane). The DEJ is located between the dermis and the epidermis interlocks forming fingerlike projections called rete ridges. The cells of the epidermis receive their nutrients from the blood vessels in the dermis. The rete ridges increase the surface area of the epidermis that is exposed to these blood vessels and the needed nutrients. The DEJ provides adhesion of the two tissue compartments and governs the structural integrity of the skin. Laminin is a structural glycoprotein located in the DEJ. Together with fibronectin, laminin is considered the glue that holds the cells together, and both are secreted by dermal fibroblasts to help facilitate intra- and inter-cellular adhesion of the epidermal calls to the DEJ.

Laminin secretion was monitored by quantifying laminin in cell supernatants of cultured human fibroblasts treated for 3 days with culture medium with or without 1.0% final concentration of the test ingredient(s). Following incubation, laminin content was measured using immunofluorescent antibodies directed against each protein in an enzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay (ELISA). It was determined that Morus alba fruit extract increased laminin expression by 14%.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 Enzyme Activity (MMP-1) Assay: Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract and Morus alba fruit extract have been shown to inhibit MMP-1 expression. MMPs are extracellular proteases that play a role in many normal and disease states by virtue of their broad substrate specificity. MMP-1 substrates include collagen IV. The Molecular Probes Enz/Chek Gelatinase/Collagenase Assay kit (#E12055), used to detect MMP-1 protease activity, utilizes a fluorogenic gelatin substrate and tests proteolytic cleavage of the substrate by purified MMP-1 enzyme. Upon proteolytic cleavage of the substrate, bright green fluorescence is revealed and was monitored using a fluorescent microplate reader to measure enzymatic activity.

Test materials were incubated in the presence or absence of the purified enzyme and substrate to determine their protease inhibitor capacity. It was determined that Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract and Morus alba fruit extract inhibited MMP-1 by 98% and 96%, respectively.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 and 9 Enzyme Activity (MMP-3; MMP-9) Assay: Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract, Morus alba fruit extract, and Caulerpa lentillifera extract have been shown to inhibit MMP-3 and/or MMP-9 expression. MMPs are extracellular proteases that play a role in many normal and disease states by virtue of their broad substrate specificity. MMP-3 substrates include collagens, fibronectins, and laminin; while MMP-9 substrates include collagen VII, fibronectins and laminin. Colorimetric Drug Discovery kits from BioMol International for MMP-3 (AK-400) and MMP-9 (AK-410) were used to measure protease activity of MMPs using a thiopeptide as a chromogenic substrate (Ac-PLG-[2-mercapto-4-methyl-pentanoyl]-LG-OC 2H5)5,6. The MMP cleavage site peptide bond is replaced by a thioester bond in the thiopeptide. Hydrolysis of this bond by an MMP produces a sulfhydryl group, which reacts with DTNB [5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), Ellman's reagent] to form 2-nito-5-thiobenzoic acid, which can be detected by its absorbance at 412 nm (cε=13,600 M-1 cm-1 at pH 6.0 and above 7). It was determined that Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract inhibited MMP-3 by 40% and Morus alba fruit extract inhibited by 29%. It was determined that Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract inhibited MMP-9 by 61%, Morus alba fruit extract inhibited by 84%, and Caulerpa lentillifera extract inhibited MMP-9 expression by 24%.

Lipoxygenase (LO) Assay: Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract has been shown to inhibit lipoxygenase (LO) expression. LOs are non-heme iron-containing dioxygenases that catalyze the addition of molecular oxygen to fatty acids. Linoleate and arachidonate are the main substrates for LOs in plants and animals. Arachadonic acid may then be converted to hydroxyeicosotrienenoic (HETE) acid derivatives, that are subsequently converted to leukotrienes, potent inflammatory mediators. An accurate and convenient method for screening lipoxygenase inhibitors is performed by measuring the hydroperoxides generated from the incubation of a lipoxygenase (5-, 12-, or 15-LO) with arachidonic acid. The Colorimetric LO Inhibitor screening kit (#760700, Cayman Chemical) was used to determine the ability of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract to inhibit enzyme activity.

Purified 15-lipoxygenase and test ingredients were mixed in assay buffer and incubated with shaking for 10 min at room temperature. Following incubation, arachidonic acid was added to initiate the reaction and the mixtures were incubated for an additional 10 min at room temperature. Colorimetric substrate was added to terminate catalysis and color progression was evaluated by fluorescence plate reading at 490 nm. The percent inhibition of lipoxyganse activity was calculated compared to non-treated controls to determine the ability of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract to inhibit the activity of purified enzyme. It was determined that Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract inhibited lipoxyganse activity by 54%.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) Assay: Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract inhibits TNF-α activity. The prototype ligand of the TNF superfamily, TNF-α, is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a central role in inflammation. Increase in its expression is associated with an up regulation in pro-inflammatory activity. The bioassay used analyzed the effect of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract on the production of TNF-α by human epidermal keratinocytes. The endpoint of this assay was a spectrophotometric measurement that reflects the presence of TNF-α and cellular viability. The assay employed the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique whereby a monoclonal antibody specific for TNF-α had been pre-coated onto a microplate.

Standards and samples were pipetted into wells of the microplate and any TNF-α present was bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing away any unbound substances, an enzyme-linked polyclonal antibody specific for TNF-α was added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution was added to the wells and color developed in proportion to the amount of TNF-α bound in the initial step using a microplate reader for detection at 450 nm. The color development can be stopped and the intensity of the color was measured. Subconfluent normal human adult keratinocytes (Cascade Biologics) cultivated in EPILIFE™ standard growth medium (Cascade Biologics) at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 10 ng/ml, Sigma Chemical, #P1585-1MG) and Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract or no test ingredient (for negative control) for 6 hours. PMA has been shown to cause a dramatic increase in TNF-α secretion which peaks at 6 hours after treatment. Following incubation, cell culture medium was collected and the amount of TNF-α secretion quantified using a sandwich enzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay (ELISA) from R&D Systems (#DTA00C). Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract inhibits TNF-α by 85%.

Elastase Assay: ENZCHEK® Elastase Assay (Kit# E-12056) from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oregon USA) was used as an in vitro enzyme inhibition assay for measuring inhibition of elastase activity in the presence of Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract and Morus alba fruit extract. The EnzChek kit contained soluble bovine neck ligament elastin that is labeled with dye such that the conjugate's fluorescence is quenched. The non-fluorescent substrate was digested by elastase or other proteases to yield highly fluorescent fragments. The resulting increase in fluorescence was monitored with a fluorescence microplate reader. Digestion products from the elastin substrate have absorption maxima at ˜505 nm and fluorescence emission maxima at ˜515 nm. The peptide, N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-chloromethyl ketone, was used as a selective, collective inhibitor of elastase for a positive control when utilizing the EnzChek Elastase Assay Kit for screening for elastase inhibitors. It was determined that Rosmarinus officianalis leaf extract and Morus alba fruit extract inhibited elastase by 54% and 25%, respectively.

Elastin Stimulation Assay: An elastin stimulation assay was used on skin cells (e.g., epidermal keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and/or dermal endothelial cells) to determine the ability of any one of the active ingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification to increase elastin expression. Elastin is a connective tissue protein that helps skin resume shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin is also an important load-bearing protein used in places where mechanical energy is required to be stored. Elastin is made by linking many soluble tropoelastin protein molecules, in a reaction catalyzed by lysyl oxidase. Elastin secretion and elastin fibers were monitored in cultured human fibroblasts by staining of cultured human fibroblasts using immunofluorescent antibodies directed against elastin by a direct ELISA sandwich method. A Meso Scale Discovery system SECTOR 2400 Imaging system was used to analyze the results. Changes in elastin secretion and elastin fibers caused by the active ingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations was determined by incubating cultured human fibroblasts with the active ingredient for a period of time before probing the cells or a lysate thereof with antibodies directed against elastin. It was determined that Caulerpa lentillifera extract increased elastin expression by 38%.

Fibronectin Stimulation Assay: Fibronectin is a major protein in the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) (also referred to as the basement membrane). The DEJ is located between the dermis and the epidermis interlocks forming fingerlike projections called rete ridges. The cells of the epidermis receive their nutrients from the blood vessels in the dermis. The rete ridges increase the surface area of the epidermis that is exposed to these blood vessels and the needed nutrients. The DEJ provides adhesion of the two tissue compartments and governs the structural integrity of the skin. Fibronectin is a structural glycoprotein located in the DEJ. Together with laminin, fibronectin is considered the glue that holds the cells together, and both are secreted by dermal fibroblasts to help facilitate intra- and inter-cellular adhesion of the epidermal calls to the DEJ.

Fibronectin secretion was monitored by quantifying fibronectin in cell supernatants of cultured human fibroblasts treated for 3 days with culture medium with or without 1.0% final concentration of the test ingredient(s). Following incubation, fibronectin content was measured using immunofluorescent antibodies directed against each protein in an enzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay (ELISA). It was determined that Morus alba fruit extract increased fibronectin expression by 13%.

4. Example 4 (Exemplary Formulations)

Formulations having the ingredients disclosed herein were prepared as topical skin compositions. In some instances, the topical skin compositions can be prepared as an emulsion, serum, gel, gel emulsion, or cream. The formulation in Table 3 is an example of a topical skin composition prepared as a serum.

TABLE 3{circumflex over ( )} Ingredient % Concentration (by weight) Water 78.1 Glycerin 5 Methyl Gluceth-20 2.5 Butylene Glycol 2 Pentylene Glycol 2 Dimethicone 1.5 Triethanolamine 1.4 Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride 1 Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil 1 Carbomer 0.8 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose 0.6 Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate 0.5 Sodium Phytate 0.5 Caulerpa Lentillifera Extract 0.5 Lactic Acid 0.4 Pullulan 0.4 Betaine 0.3 Caprylyl Glycol 0.3 1,2-Hexanediol 0.2 Sodium Polyacrylate 0.2 Tocopheryl Acetate 0.2 Disodium EDTA 0.1 Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate 0.1 Fragrance 0.1 Xanthan Gum 0.1 Porphyridium Cruentum Extract 0.03 Rosmarinus offinalis (Rosemary) leaf extract 0.02 Morus alba fruit extract 0.001 Excipients* q.s. {circumflex over ( )}Formulation can be prepared by mixing the ingredients in a beaker under heat 70-75° C. until homogenous. Subsequently, the formulation can be cooled to standing room temperature (20-25° C.). Further, and if desired, additional ingredients can be added, for example, to modify the rheological properties of the composition or ingredients that provide benefits to skin. *Excipients can be added, for example, to modify the rheological properties of the composition. Alternatively, the amount of water can be varied so long as the amount of water in the composition is at least 40% by weight, and preferably between 50 to 80% by weight.

5. Example 5 (Additional Assays)

Assays that can be used to determine the efficacy of any one of the ingredients or any combination of ingredients or compositions having said combination of ingredients disclosed throughout the specification and claims can be determined by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The following are non-limiting assays that can be used in the context of the present invention. It should be recognized that other testing procedures can be used, including, for example, objective and subjective procedures.

Lysyl Oxidase Assay: A lysyl oxidase assay can be performed on skin cells (e.g., epidermal keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and/or dermal endothelial cells) to determine the ability of any one of the active ingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification to stimulate expression of lysyl oxidase in skin. Lysyl oxidase can catalyze crosslinking of elastin and collagens, thereby providing for a more structurally rigid matrix for skin. By increasing expression of lysyl oxidase, increased cross-linking of elastin and collagens can occur, which can be beneficial in reducing the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, sagging skin, and/or non-elastic skin.

B16 Pigmentation Assay: Melanogenesis is the process by which melanocytes produce melanin, a naturally produced pigment that imparts color to skin, hair, and eyes. Inhibiting melanogenesis is beneficial to prevent skin darkening and lighten dark spots associated with aging. This bioassay can utilize B16-F1 melanocytes (ATCC), an immortalized mouse melanoma cell line, to analyze the effect of compounds on melanogenesis. The endpoint of this assay can be a spectrophotometric measurement of melanin production and cellular viability. B16-F1 melanocytes, can be cultivated in standard DMEM growth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (Mediatech) at 37° C. in 10% CO₂ and then treated with any one of the active ingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification for 6 days. Following incubation, melanin secretion can be measured by absorbance at 405 nm and cellular viability is quantified.

ORAC Assay: Oxygen Radical Absorption (or Absorbance) Capacity (ORAC) of any one of the active ingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can also be assayed by measuring the antioxidant activity of such ingredients or compositions. Antioxidant activity indicates a capability to reduce oxidizing agents (oxidants). This assay quantifies the degree and length of time it takes to inhibit the action of an oxidizing agent, such as oxygen radicals, that are known to cause damage to cells (e.g., skin cells). The ORAC value of any one of the active ingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be determined by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see U.S. Publication Nos. 2004/0109905 and 2005/0163880; and commercially available kits such as Zen-Bio ORAC Anti-oxidant Assay kit (#AOX-2)). The Zen-Bio ORAC Anti-oxidant Assay kit measures the loss of fluorescein fluorescence over time due to the peroxyl-radical formation by the breakdown of AAPH (2,2′-axobis-2-methyl propanimidamide, dihydrochloride). Trolox, a water soluble vitamin E analog, serves as positive control inhibition fluorescein decay in a dose dependent manner.

Production of Hyaluronic Acid: Changes in the production of hyaluronic acid (HA) in human dermal fibroblasts due to each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be measured. HA is a polysaccharide involved in stabilization of the structure of the matrix and is involved in providing turgor pressure to tissue and cells. As one non-limiting example, HA production in treated and non-treated adult human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) cells can be determined using the Hyaluronan DuoSet ELISA kit from R&D Systems (DY3614). In this assay, for production of samples, subconfluent HDFa cells from Cascade Biologics (C-13-5C) are incubated at 37° C. and 10% CO₂ in starvation medium (0.15% fetal bovine serum and 1% Penicillin Streptomycin solution in Dulbecco' s Modified Eagle Medium) for 72 hours prior to treatment. The cells are then incubated with fresh starvation medium with either test compound, positive control (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate from Sigma-Aldrich (P1585) and platelet derived growth factor from Sigma-Aldrich (P3201)), or no additive for 24 hours. Media is then collected and frozen at −80° C. until use in the ELISA assay.

Briefly, the ELISA assay employs a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique whereby a capture antibody specific for HA can be pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and media from treated and untreated cells are pipetted into the microplate wells to enable any HA present to be bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing away any unbound substances, an enzyme-linked detection antibody specific for HA is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells to allow color development in proportion to the amount of HA bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped at a specific time and the intensity of the color at 450 nm can be measured using a microplate reader.

Production of Occludin: Changes in the production of occludin in keratinocytes due to each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be measured. Occludin is a protein critical to the formulation of tight junctions and the skin's moisture barrier function. A non-limiting example of how occludin production in treated and non-treated keratinocytes can be determined is by the use of a bioassay that analyzes occludin concentration in keratinocyte cell lysates. The bioassay can be performed using PROTEINSIMPLE® SIMON™ western blotting protocol. For the samples, adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) from Life Technologies (C-005-5C) can be grown at 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 24 hours in EPILIFETM growth media with calcium from Life Technologies (M-EP-500-CA) supplemented with Keratinocyte Growth Supplement (HKGS) from Life Technologies (S-101-5). HEKa are then incubated in growth medium with test compound/extract, no compound/extract for negative control, or with 1 mM CaCl₂ for positive control for 24 to 48 hours. The HEKa are then washed, collected, and stored on ice or colder until lysed on ice using a lysis buffer and sonication. The protein concentrations of the samples can be determined and used to normalize the samples. The lysates are stored at −80° C. until use in the bioassay.

The PROTEINSIMPLE® SIMON™ western blotting bioassay assay employs a quantitative western blotting immunoassay technique using an antibody specific for occludin to quantitatively detect occludin in the test samples. Cell samples are lysed and normalized for protein concentration. Normalized samples and molecular weight standards are then loaded and ran on a denatured protein separation gel using capillary electrophoresis. The proteins in the gel are then immobilized and immunoprobed using a primary antibody specific for occludin. The immobilized proteins are immunoprobed with an enzyme-linked detection antibody that binds the primary antibody. A chemiluminescent substrate solution is then added to the immobilized proteins to allow chemiluminescent development in proportion to the amount of occludin bound in the immobilization. The chemiluminescent development can be stopped at a specific time and the intensity of the chemiluminescent signal can be measured and compared to positive and negative controls.

Keratinocyte Monolayer Permeability: Changes in the permeability of a keratinocyte monolayer due to each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be measured. Keratinocyte monolayer permeability is a measure of skin barrier integrity. Keratinocyte monolayer permeability in treated and non-treated keratinocytes can be determined using, as a non-limiting example, the In Vitro Vascular Permeability assay by Millipore (ECM642). This assay analyzes endothelial cell adsorption, transport, and permeability. Briefly, adult human epidermal keratinocytes from Life Technologies (C-005-5C) can be seeded onto a porous collagen-coated membrane within a collection well. The keratinocytes are then incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in Epilife growth media with calcium from Life Technologies (M-EP-500-CA) supplemented with Keratinocyte Growth Supplement (HKGS) from Life Technologies (S-101-5). This incubation time allows the cells to form a monolayer and occlude the membrane pores. The media is then replaced with fresh media with (test sample) or without (non-treated control) test compounds/extracts and the keratinocytes are incubated for an additional 48 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. To determine permeability of the keratinocyte monolayer after incubation with/without the test compound/extract, the media is replaced with fresh media containing a high molecular weight Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran and the keratinocytes are incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. During the 4 hours incubation, FITC can pass through the keratinocytes monolayer and porous membrane into the collection well at a rate proportional to the monolayer's permeability. After the 4 hour incubation, cell viability and the content of FITC in the collection wells can be determined. For the FITC content, the media in the collection well is collected and fluorescence of the media determined at 480 nm (Em) when excited at 520 nm. Percent permeability and percent change in comparison to the non-treated controls can be determined by the following equations: Percent Permeability=((Mean Ex/Em of test sample)/Mean Ex/Em untreated control)*100; Percent Change=Percent Permeability of test sample−Percent Permeability of untreated control.

Mushroom tyrosinase activity assay: In mammalian cells, tyrosinase catalyzes two steps in the multi-step biosynthesis of melanin pigments from tyrosine (and from the polymerization of dopachrome). Tyrosinase is localized in melanocytes and produces melanin (aromatic quinone compounds) that imparts color to skin, hair, and eyes. Purified mushroom tyrosinase (Sigma) can be incubated with its substrate L-Dopa (Fisher) in the presence or absence of each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification. Pigment formation can be evaluated by colorimetric plate reading at 490 nm. The percent inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity can be calculated compared to non-treated controls to determine the ability of test ingredients or combinations thereof to inhibit the activity of purified enzyme. Test extract inhibition was compared with that of kojic acid (Sigma).

Cyclooxygenase (COX) Assay: An in vitro cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1, -2) inhibition assay. COX is a bifunctional enzyme exhibiting both cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities. The cyclooxygenase activity converts arachidonic acid to a hydroperoxy endoperoxide (Prostaglandin G2; PGG2) and the peroxidase component reduces the endoperoxide (Prostaglandin H2; PGH2) to the corresponding alcohol, the precursor of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins. This COX Inhibitor screening assay measures the peroxidase component of cyclooxygenases. The peroxidase activity is assayed colorimetrically by monitoring the appearance of oxidized N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). This inhibitor screening assay includes both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in order to screen isozyme-specific inhibitors. The Colormetric COX (ovine) Inhibitor screening assay (#760111, Cayman Chemical) can be used to analyze the effects of each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification on the activity of purified cyclooxygnase enzyme (COX-1 or COX-2). According to manufacturer instructions, purified enzyme, heme and test extracts can be mixed in assay buffer and incubated with shaking for 15 min at room temperature. Following incubation, arachidonic acid and colorimetric substrate can be added to initiate the reaction. Color progression can be evaluated by colorimetric plate reading at 590 nm. The percent inhibition of COX-1 or COX-2 activity can be calculated compared to non-treated controls to determine the ability of test extracts to inhibit the activity of purified enzyme.

Oil Control Assay: An assay to measure reduction of sebum secretion from sebaceous glands and/or reduction of sebum production from sebaceous glands can be assayed by using standard techniques known to those having ordinary skill in the art. In one instance, the forehead can be used. Each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be applied to one portion of the forehead once or twice daily for a set period of days (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or more days), while another portion of the forehead is not treated with the composition. After the set period of days expires, then sebum secretion can be assayed by application of fine blotting paper to the treated and untreated forehead skin. This is done by first removing any sebum from the treated and untreate d areas with moist and dry cloths. Blotting paper can then be applied to the treated and untreated areas of the forehead, and an elastic band can be placed around the forehead to gently press the blotting paper onto the skin. After 2 hours the blotting papers can be removed, allowed to dry and then transilluminated. Darker blotting paper correlates with more sebum secretion (or lighter blotting paper correlates with reduced sebum secretion.

Erythema Assay: An assay to measure the reduction of skin redness can be evaluated using a Minolta Chromometer. Skin erythema may be induced by applying a 0.2% solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the forearm of a subject. The area is protected by an occlusive patch for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs, the patch is removed and the irritation-induced redness can be assessed using the a* values of the Minolta Chroma Meter. The a* value measures changes in skin color in the red region. Immediately after reading, the area is treated with the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification. Repeat measurements can be taken at regular intervals to determine the formula's ability to reduce redness and irritation.

Skin Moisture/Hydration Assay: Skin moisture/hydration benefits can be measured by using impedance measurements with the Nova Dermal Phase Meter. The impedance meter measures changes in skin moisture content. The outer layer of the skin has distinct electrical properties. When skin is dry it conducts electricity very poorly. As it becomes more hydrated increasing conductivity results. Consequently, changes in skin impedance (related to conductivity) can be used to assess changes in skin hydration. The unit can be calibrated according to instrument instructions for each testing day. A notation of temperature and relative humidity can also be made. Subjects can be evaluated as follows: prior to measurement they can equilibrate in a room with defined humidity (e.g., 30-50%) and temperature (e.g., 68-72° C.). Three separate impedance readings can be taken on each side of the face, recorded, and averaged. The T5 setting can be used on the impedance meter which averages the impedance values of every five seconds application to the face. Changes can be reported with statistical variance and significance. Each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be assayed according to this process.

Skin Clarity and Reduction in Freckles and Age Spots Assay: Skin clarity and the reduction in freckles and age spots can be evaluated using a Minolta Chromometer. Changes in skin color can be assessed to determine irritation potential due to product treatment using the a* values of the Minolta Chroma Meter. The a* value measures changes in skin color in the red region. This is used to determine whether each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification is inducing irritation. The measurements can be made on each side of the face and averaged, as left and right facial values. Skin clarity can also be measured using the Minolta Meter. The measurement is a combination of the a*, b, and L values of the Minolta Meter and is related to skin brightness, and correlates well with skin smoothness and hydration. Skin reading is taken as above. In one non-limiting aspect, skin clarity can be described as L/C where C is chroma and is defined as (a²+b²)^(1/2).

Skin Dryness, Surface Fine Lines, Skin Smoothness, and Skin Tone Assay: Skin dryness, surface fine lines, skin smoothness, and skin tone can be evaluated with clinical grading techniques. For example, clinical grading of skin dryness can be determined by a five point standard Kligman Scale: (0) skin is soft and moist; (1) skin appears normal with no visible dryness; (2) skin feels slightly dry to the touch with no visible flaking; (3) skin feels dry, tough, and has a whitish appearance with some scaling; and (4) skin feels very dry, rough, and has a whitish appearance with scaling. Evaluations can be made independently by two clinicians and averaged.

Clinical Grading of Skin Tone Assay: Clinical grading of skin tone can be performed via a ten point analog numerical scale: (10) even skin of uniform, pinkish brown color. No dark, erythremic, or scaly patches upon examination with a hand held magnifying lens. Microtexture of the skin very uniform upon touch; (7) even skin tone observed without magnification. No scaly areas, but slight discolorations either due to pigmentation or erythema. No discolorations more than 1 cm in diameter; (4) both skin discoloration and uneven texture easily noticeable. Slight scaliness. Skin rough to the touch in some areas; and (1) uneven skin coloration and texture. Numerous areas of scaliness and discoloration, either hypopigmented, erythremic or dark spots. Large areas of uneven color more than 1 cm in diameter. Evaluations were made independently by two clinicians and averaged.

Clinical Grading of Skin Smoothness Assay: Clinical grading of skin smoothness can be analyzed via a ten point analog numerical scale: (10) smooth, skin is moist and glistening, no resistance upon dragging finger across surface; (7) somewhat smooth, slight resistance; (4) rough, visibly altered, friction upon rubbing; and (1) rough, flaky, uneven surface. Evaluations were made independently by two clinicians and averaged.

Skin Smoothness and Wrinkle Reduction Assay With Methods Disclosed in Packman et al. (1978): Skin smoothness and wrinkle reduction can also be assessed visually by using the methods disclosed in Packman et al. (1978). For example, at each subject visit, the depth, shallowness and the total number of superficial facial lines (SFLs) of each subject can be carefully scored and recorded. A numerical score was obtained by multiplying a number factor times a depth/width/length factor. Scores are obtained for the eye area and mouth area (left and right sides) and added together as the total wrinkle score.

Appearance of Lines and Wrinkles Assay with Replicas: The appearance of lines and wrinkles on the skin can be evaluated using replicas, which is the impression of the skin's surface. Silicone rubber like material can be used. The replica can be analyzed by image analysis. Changes in the visibility of lines and wrinkles can be objectively quantified via the taking of silicon replicas form the subjects' face and analyzing the replicas image using a computer image analysis system. Replicas can be taken from the eye area and the neck area, and photographed with a digital camera using a low angle incidence lighting. The digital images can be analyzed with an image processing program and are of the replicas covered by wrinkles or fine lines was determined.

Skin Firmness Assay with a Hargens Ballistometer: Skin firmness can be measured using a Hargens ballistometer, a device that evaluates the elasticity and firmness of the skin by dropping a small body onto the skin and recording its first two rebound peaks. The ballistometry is a small lightweight probe with a relatively blunt tip (4 square mm-contact area) was used. The probe penetrates slightly into the skin and results in measurements that are dependent upon the properties of the outer layers of the skin, including the stratum corneum and outer epidermis and some of the dermal layers.

Skin Softness/Suppleness Assay with a Gas Bearing Electrodynamometer: Skin softness/suppleness can be evaluated using the Gas Bearing Electrodynamometer, an instrument that measures the stress/strain properties of the skin. The viscoelastic properties of skin correlate with skin moisturization. Measurements can be obtained on the predetermined site on the cheek area by attaching the probe to the skin surface with double-stick tape. A force of approximately 3.5 gm can be applied parallel to the skin surface and the skin displacement is accurately measured. Skin suppleness can then be calculated and is expressed as DSR (Dynamic Spring Rate in gm/mm).

Surface Contour of the Skin Assay with a Profilometer/Stylus Method: The surface contour of the skin can be measured by using the profilometer/Stylus method. This includes either shining a light or dragging a stylus across the replica surface. The vertical displacement of the stylus can be fed into a computer via a distance transducer, and after scanning a fixed length of replica a cross-sectional analysis of skin profile can be generated as a two-dimensional curve. This scan can be repeated any number of times along a fix axis to generate a simulated 3-D picture of the skin. Ten random sections of the replicas using the stylus technique can be obtained and combined to generate average values. The values of interest include Ra which is the arithmetic mean of all roughness (height) values computed by integrating the profile height relative to the mean profile height. Rt which is the maximum vertical distance between the highest peak and lowest trough, and Rz which is the mean peak amplitude minus the mean peak height. Values are given as a calibrated value in mm. Equipment should be standardized prior to each use by scanning metal standards of know values. Ra Value can be computed by the following equation: R_(a)=Standardize roughness; l_(m)=the traverse (scan) length; and y=the absolute value of the location of the profile relative to the mean profile height (x-axis).

MELANODERM™ Assay: In other non-limiting aspects, the efficacy of each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be evaluated by using a skin analog, such as, for example, MELANODERM™. Melanocytes, one of the cells in the skin analog, stain positively when exposed to L-dihydroxyphenyl alanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of melanin. The skin analog, MELANODERM™, can be treated with a variety of bases containing each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification or with the base alone as a control. Alternatively, an untreated sample of the skin analog can be used as a control.

Production of Filaggrin: Changes in the production of filaggrin in keratinocytes due to each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be measured. Filaggrin is the precursor to Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) in the skin. Increased NMF increases the moisture content of the skin. Filaggrin production in treated and non-treated keratinocytes can be determined using a bioassay that analyzes filaggrin concentration in keratinocyte cell lysates. A non-limiting example of a bioassay that can be used to quantify filaggrin production is the PROTEINSIMPLE® SIMON™ western blotting protocol. For each sample, normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) are grown in EPI-200-Mattek EPILIFE™ growth media with calcium from Life Technologies (M-EP-500-CA). NHEK are incubated in growth medium overnight at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ prior to treatment. NHEK are then incubated in growth medium with 1% test compound/extract or no compound/extract (negative control) for 24 to 36 hours. The NHEK can then be washed, collected, and stored on ice or colder until lysed on ice using a lysis buffer and sonication. The protein concentrations of the samples can be determined and used to normalize the samples. The lysates can be stored at −80° C. until use in the quantification assay.

The PROTEINSIMPLE® SIMON™ western blotting bioassay assay employs a quantitative western blotting immunoassay technique using an antibody specific for filaggrin to quantitatively detect filaggrin in the test samples. Cell samples are lysed and normalized for protein concentration. Normalized samples and molecular weight standards can then be loaded and ran on a denatured protein separation gel using capillary electrophoresis. The proteins in the gel are immobilized and immunoprobed using a primary antibody specific for filaggrin. The immobilized proteins can then be immunoprobed with an enzyme-linked detection antibody that binds the primary antibody. A chemiluminescent substrate solution can then be added to the immobilized proteins to allow chemiluminescent development in proportion to the amount of filaggrin bound in the immobilization. The chemiluminescent development is stopped at a specific time and the intensity of the chemiluminescent signal can be measured and compared to positive and negative controls.

Inhibition of Hyaluronidase Activity: Changes in the activity of hyaluronidase due to each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be measured. Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that degrades HA. HA is a polysaccharide involved in stabilization of the structure of the matrix and is involved in providing turgor pressure to tissue and cells. As one non-limiting example, hyaluronidase activity can be determined using an in vitro protocol modified from Sigma-Aldrich protocol #EC 3.2.1.35. Briefly, hyaluronidase type 1-S from Sigma-Aldrich (H3506) is added to microplate reaction wells containing test compound or controls. Tannic acid can be used as a positive control inhibitor, no test compound can be added for the control enzyme, and wells with test compound or positive control but without hyaluronidase can be used as a background negative control. The wells are incubated at 37° C. for 10 minutes before addition of substrate (HA). Substrate is added and the reactions incubated at 37° C. for 45 minutes. A portion of each reaction solution is then transferred to and gently mixed in a solution of sodium acetate and acetic acid pH 3.75 to stop that portion of the reaction (stopped wells). The stopped wells and the reaction wells should both contain the same volume of solution after addition of the portion of the reaction solution to the stopped wells. Both the reaction wells and the stopped wells are incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Absorbance at 600 nm is then measured for both the reaction wells and the stopped wells. Inhibition can be calculated using the following formulas: Inhibitor (or control) activity =(Inhibitor stopped wells absorbance at 600 nm−inhibitor reaction wells absorbance at 600 nm); Initial activity=control enzyme absorbance at 600 nm; Percent Inhibition=[(Initial activity/Inhibitor Activity)*100]−100.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-γ) Activity: Changes in the activity of PPAR-γ due to each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification can be measured. PPAR-γ is a receptor critical for the production of sebum. As one non-limiting example, the activity of PPAR-γ can be determined using a bioassay that analyzes the ability of a test compound or composition to inhibit binding of a ligand. Briefly, fluorescent small-molecule pan-PPAR ligand, FLUORMONE™ Pan-PPAR Green, available from Life Technologies (PV4894), can be used to determine if test compounds or compositions are able to inhibit binding of the ligand to PPAR-γ. The samples wells include PPAR-γ and fluorescent ligand and either: test compound or composition (test); a reference inhibitor, rosiglitazone (positive control); or no test compound (negative control). The wells are incubated for a set period of time to allow the ligand opportunity to bind the PPAR-γ. The fluorescence polarization of each sample well can then be measured and compared to the negative control well to determine the percentage of inhibition by the test compound or composition.

Cytokine Array: Human epidermal keratinocytes are cultured to 70-80% confluency. The media in the plate is aspirated and 0.025% trypsin/EDTA is added. When the cells became rounded, the culture dish is gently tapped to release the cells. The trypsin/EDTA containing cells are removed from the culture dish and neutralized. Cells are centrifuged for 5 min. at 180×g to form a pellet of cells. The supernatant is aspirated. The resulting pellet is resuspended in EPILIFE™ media (Cascade Biologics). The cells are seeded in 6-well plates at approximately 10-20% confluency. After the cells became approximately 80% confluent, the media is aspirated and 1.0 ml of EPILIFE™, along with phorbol 13-Myristate 12-acetate (“PMA”) (a known inducer of inflammation) and the test composition dilutions are added to two replicate wells (i.e., 1.0% (100 μl of 100×stock) and 0.1% (10 μl of 100×stock) test compositions are diluted into a final volume of 1 ml EpiLife Growth Medium). The media is gently swirled to ensure adequate mixing. In addition, 1.0 ml of EPILIFE™ is added to the control wells, with and without additional PMA. The plates are then incubated at 37±1° C. and 5.0±1% CO₂ for approximately 5 hours after dosing. Following this 5-hour incubation, all media is collected in conical tubes and frozen at −70° C.

For analysis, a 16-pad hybridization chamber is attached to 16-pad FAST slides arrayed in triplicate with 16 anti-cytokine antibodies plus experimental controls (Whatman BioSciences), and the slides are placed into a FASTFrame (4 slides per frame) for processing. Arrays are blocked for 15 min. at room temp. using 70 ml S&S Protein Array Blocking buffer (Whatman Schleicher and Scheull). Blocking buffer is removed and 70 ml of each supernatant sample is added to each array. Arrays are incubated for 3 hours at room temp. with gentle agitation. Arrays are washed 3 times with TBS-T. Arrays are treated with 70 ml of an antibody cocktail, containing one biotinylated antibody corresponding to each of the arrayed capture antibodies. Arrays are incubated for 1 hour at room temp. with gentle agitation. Arrays are washed 3 times with TBS-T. Arrays are incubated with 70 ml of a solution containing streptavidin-Cy5 conjugate for 1 hour at room temp. with gentle agitation. Arrays are washed 3 times with TBS-T, quickly rinsed in de-ionized water, and dried.

Slides can be imaged in a Perkin-Elmer ScanArray 4000 confocal fluorescent imaging system. Array images can be saved and analyzed using Imaging Research ArrayVision software. Briefly, spot intensities are determined by subtracting background signal. Spot replicates from each sample condition can be averaged and then compared to the appropriate controls.

Endothelial Tube Formation: Endothelial tube formation is involved in angiogenesis and micro-vessel capillary formation. Capillary formation and angiogenesis may contribute to redness and rosacea of the skin. The ability for endothelial cells to form tubes in the presence or absence of test extracts and compounds may be determined using a capillary tubule disruption assay with pre-formed primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in a cell culture system.

Briefly, HUVECs are cultured in vitro on Extracellular Matrix, which stimulates the attachment and tubular morphogenesis of endothelial cells to form capillary-like lumen structures. These in vitro formed capillary tubules are similar to human blood vessel capillaries in many aspects. The capillary tube assay is based on this phenomenon and is used for evaluation of potential vasculature targeting agents.

HUVEC cultures are grown in a 5% CO₂ 37° C. cell incubator. The full growth medium for HUVECs is Endothelial Cell Basal Medium (EBM) supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 12 μg /ml bovine brain extract, 1 μg/ml hydrocortisone, and 1 μg/ml GA-1000 (gentamicin-amphothericin). HUVEC cultures between passage 3 and 8 may be used for all assay experiments.

HUVECs are pre-labeled with fluorescent agent Calcein AM and seeded in Extracellular Matrix coated 96-well culture plate with their full growth medium. After about four hours of the morphogenesis process, the endothelial capillary tubes should be formed. Then, test agent in designed doses in 50 μl volume is applied into the formed capillary tubule cultures as treatment conditions. The no-treatment controls can be added with vehicle of test agents. Sutent, a FDA approved anti-angiogenic drug one concentration can be included as assay performance control. After about six hours of treatment, the endothelial tubule morphology in each well is examined by microscopy, imaged, and the capillary disrupting activities under treatment conditions can be quantitatively analyzed. Each test conditions can be conducted in duplicate wells, including controls.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

H. REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

-   1. Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Third Edition, CTFA, 1982 -   2. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Fourth edition,     CTFA, 1991 -   3. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, Tenth     Edition, CTFA, 2004 -   4. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook,     Twelfth Edition, CTFA, 2008 

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of treating skin and/or hair comprising topically applying to skin and/or hair a composition comprising an effective amount of Caulerpa lentillifera extract and Porphyridium cruentum extract.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition comprises: 0.01 to 1% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract; and 0.001 to 1% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein: the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract; the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is a water extract; or the Caulerpa lentillifera extract is an aqueous extract of dried Caulerpa lentillifera algae.
 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the composition comprises 0.1 to 1% by weight of Caulerpa lentillifera extract and 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of Porphyridium cruentum extract.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition further comprises 40 to 85% by weight of water.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition treats skin.
 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition improves a skin condition comprising skin thickness, skin tightness, skin firmness, skin elasticity, or combinations thereof, and/or wherein the composition reduces a skin conditions comprising loss of skin thickness, fine lines, deep lines, wrinkles, skin sagging, or combinations thereof.
 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of: a humectant, an emollient, a skin conditioning agent, a colorant, and/or a pH adjuster.
 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition is a topical skin composition.
 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition is applied to a fine line, a wrinkle, an age spot, or a deep line on the skin, and/or wherein the composition is applied to sagging skin or non-elastic skin.
 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition further comprises pullulan.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the composition comprises 0.01 to 1% by weight pullulan.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the composition further comprises water, glycerin phenoxyethanol and ethylhexylglycerin.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the composition comprises: 1 to 95% by weight water; 0.1 to 20% by weight glycerin; 0.001 to 3% by weight phenoxyethanol; and 0.001 to 3% by weight ethylhexylglycerin.
 35. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition further comprises one or more of: carbomer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium phytate, caprylyl glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, vitamin E, disodium EDTA, and/or fragrance.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the composition comprises: 0.01 to 3% by weight carbomer; 0.01 to 3% by weight hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; 0.01 to 1% by weight sodium phytate; 0.01 to 1% by weight caprylyl glycol; 0.01 to 1% by weight 1,2-hexanediol; 0.01 to 1% by weight vitamin E; 0.01 to 1% by weight disodium EDTA; and/or 0.01 to 1% by weight fragrance.
 37. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition further comprises xanthan gum.
 38. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition stimulates production of collagen and/or increases elastin expression.
 39. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition is an emulsion, a serum, a gel, a gel emulsion, or a gel serum.
 40. A topical composition comprising an effective amount of Caulerpa lentillifera extract and Porphyridium cruentum extract to treat skin and/or hair. 